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Questions and Answers
What primary function does parathormone (PTH) serve in calcium regulation?
What primary function does parathormone (PTH) serve in calcium regulation?
- Increases bone mass
- Decreases intestinal calcium absorption
- Stimulates osteoclast activity to release calcium (correct)
- Inhibits renal calciuresis
Which cell type in the parathyroid gland is primarily responsible for the secretion of parathormone?
Which cell type in the parathyroid gland is primarily responsible for the secretion of parathormone?
- Follicular cells
- Clear cells
- Chief cells (correct)
- C cells
In terms of the histology of the thyroid gland, which of the following characteristics is associated with 'more active' thyroid follicles?
In terms of the histology of the thyroid gland, which of the following characteristics is associated with 'more active' thyroid follicles?
- Paler staining with numerous vacuoles
- Larger size and darker staining (correct)
- Smaller size with fewer vacuoles
- Presence of parafollicular cells
Which zone of the adrenal cortex is primarily involved in the production of mineralocorticoids?
Which zone of the adrenal cortex is primarily involved in the production of mineralocorticoids?
How does parathormone (PTH) affect renal function?
How does parathormone (PTH) affect renal function?
Which of the following best describes the adrenal medulla?
Which of the following best describes the adrenal medulla?
Which hormone opposes the action of parathyroid hormone in regulating calcium levels?
Which hormone opposes the action of parathyroid hormone in regulating calcium levels?
Which mechanism explains the action of calcitonin in the regulation of calcium levels in the body?
Which mechanism explains the action of calcitonin in the regulation of calcium levels in the body?
Which of the following statements about follicular cells in the thyroid gland is accurate?
Which of the following statements about follicular cells in the thyroid gland is accurate?
What role does T3 play in the body's metabolic processes?
What role does T3 play in the body's metabolic processes?
Which cell type is responsible for the secretion of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland?
Which cell type is responsible for the secretion of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland?
How does T3 influence cardiovascular function?
How does T3 influence cardiovascular function?
What is the primary secretory product of parafollicular 'C' cells in the thyroid gland?
What is the primary secretory product of parafollicular 'C' cells in the thyroid gland?
What is the effect of elevated TSH secretion on thyroid gland function?
What is the effect of elevated TSH secretion on thyroid gland function?
What primary function does glucagon serve in the body's glucose regulation?
What primary function does glucagon serve in the body's glucose regulation?
Which cells in the digestive system are associated with secreting hormones like gastrin and ghrelin?
Which cells in the digestive system are associated with secreting hormones like gastrin and ghrelin?
What is the role of leptin secreted by unilocular adipocytes?
What is the role of leptin secreted by unilocular adipocytes?
Which of the following hormones stimulates the secretion of gastric juice?
Which of the following hormones stimulates the secretion of gastric juice?
What is a key feature of unilocular adipocytes in their endocrine function?
What is a key feature of unilocular adipocytes in their endocrine function?
The enteroendocrine cell's function can be categorized under which of the following terms?
The enteroendocrine cell's function can be categorized under which of the following terms?
What is the primary mechanism by which the body regulates calcium levels?
What is the primary mechanism by which the body regulates calcium levels?
What is the primary function of glucocorticoids produced by the zona fasciculata?
What is the primary function of glucocorticoids produced by the zona fasciculata?
Which of the following cell types is found in the zona reticularis?
Which of the following cell types is found in the zona reticularis?
Which of the following best describes the arrangement of cells in the zona fasciculata?
Which of the following best describes the arrangement of cells in the zona fasciculata?
What is a key effect of angiotensin II triggered by low blood pressure?
What is a key effect of angiotensin II triggered by low blood pressure?
What is the primary hormone synthesized in the zona fasciculata?
What is the primary hormone synthesized in the zona fasciculata?
What hormonal action relates to increased gluconeogenesis in response to stress?
What hormonal action relates to increased gluconeogenesis in response to stress?
Which condition is NOT typically associated with the effects of glucocorticoids?
Which condition is NOT typically associated with the effects of glucocorticoids?
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on muscle tissue?
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on muscle tissue?
Which of the following are considered functions of small amounts of androgens produced in the zona reticularis?
Which of the following are considered functions of small amounts of androgens produced in the zona reticularis?
Study Notes
Parafollicular Cells and Parathyroid Gland
- Parafollicular cells (C cells) are located in the thyroid gland and secrete calcitonin.
- Calcitonin lowers plasma calcium levels by decreasing osteoclast activity, leading to increased calcium storage in bones and enhanced renal excretion.
- Chief cells in the parathyroid gland produce parathormone (PTH) in response to low blood calcium levels.
- PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts, enhancing intestinal absorption, and promoting renal resorption of calcium.
Thyroid Gland Functions
- The thyroid gland is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
- Follicular cells in the thyroid secrete thyroglobulin, which combines with iodine to produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).
- T3 increases basal metabolic rate, thermogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and the heart's force and rate of contraction.
- T3 promotes protein synthesis, glycogen breakdown, and lipolysis through increased LDL receptors.
Adrenal Glands Structure and Hormones
- Composed of an outer cortex (intermediate mesoderm) and inner medulla (neural crest ectoderm).
- Zona fasciculata produces glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone) affecting stress response, metabolism, and immune function.
- Zona reticularis synthesizes small amounts of androgens.
Other Hormones and Their Functions
- Insulin is released in response to increased plasma glucose and regulates energy use and storage.
- Glucagon counters insulin, raising blood glucose levels when they are low.
- Enteroendocrine cells produce hormones like gastrin, cholecystokinin, and ghrelin, playing roles in digestive regulation.
- Leptin, secreted by adipocytes, signals the hypothalamus to regulate energy balance.
Effects of Glucocorticoids
- Glucocorticoids lead to decreased pain sensitivity, increased blood pressure, and elevated blood sugar levels.
- They suppress the immune response and can cause digestive issues.
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure
- Renin system activated by low blood pressure increases blood volume.
- Angiotensin II stimulates cortisol release, promoting gluconeogenesis and reduced glucose usage in muscles and fat.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the parathyroid and thyroid glands, focusing on the roles of parafollicular and chief cells. This quiz covers their activities, hormone secretion, and histological features. Prepare to enhance your understanding of these essential components of the endocrine system.
