The Foot Anatomy

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the tendons and ligaments during standing and walking in relation to the arches of the foot?

To stabilize the arches and maintain their shape (correct)

To rotate the foot during movement

To absorb shock and distribute pressure

To facilitate pronation and supination

Which of the following joints is not involved in the movement of the foot?

Tibiofemoral joint (correct)

Metatarsophalangeal joint

Subtalar joint

Midtarsal joint

What is the term for the movement of the foot in which the sole of the foot faces inward?

Dorsiflexion

Supination (correct)

Pronation

Eversion

Which arch of the foot is formed by the calcaneus, cuboid, cuneiform bones, and the bases of the first three metatarsal bones?

Medial longitudinal arch Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the muscles of the foot that are located within the foot itself?

Intrinsic muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for the cutaneous distribution to the lateral aspect of the foot?

Sural nerve Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the talonavicular joint?

Ball and socket synovial joint Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament strengthens the floor of the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

Spring ligament Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of the axis around which inversion and eversion take place?

Upward and medially Signup and view all the answers

What is the movement of the foot accompanied by plantar-flexion and adduction of the forefoot?

Supination Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the medial arch of the foot when it is in supination?

It increases in height Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the weight distribution of the body when the foot is in supination?

It is shifted laterally Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of supination on the hindfoot?

It increases pressure on the hindfoot Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the calcaneus when the foot is in supination?

It becomes less vertical under the tibia Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle adjusts the line of pull of the long flexors to flex the toes along their long axis?

Flexor accessorius Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lumbricals?

To flex the MTP joints and extend the interphalangeal joints Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle has a bifurcate tendon that inserts either side of the proximal phalanx of the hallux?

Flexor hallucis brevis Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the transverse head of the adductor hallucis?

Heads of the 3rd to 5th metatarsals Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle arises from the base of the 5th metatarsal bone?

Flexor digiti minimi brevis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the plantar interossei muscles?

To adduct the toes Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of muscles contains the flexor hallucis brevis?

3rd layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the plantar and dorsal interossei muscles?

Their function, with plantar being adductors and dorsal being abductors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the long tendons from the leg in arch support?

To provide a lift and support from above, similar to a suspension bridge Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ligaments arises from the calcaneus and runs on the sole of the foot to the navicular bone?

Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament or spring ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle provides some strength and support to the transverse arch?

Peroneus longus Signup and view all the answers

What is the attachment point of the tibialis posterior tendon?

Tuberosity of the navicular, medial cuneiform, and bases of the 2nd and 3rd metatarsals Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the tibialis posterior tendon in arch support?

To staple the bones together, and further strengthen the arch Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments hold up the lateral longitudinal set of bones?

Peroneal tendons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tendons provides support to the medial longitudinal arch?

Flexor hallucis longus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the peroneus longus tendon in arch support?

To hold up the lateral longitudinal set of bones Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is possible at the metatarsophalangeal joint?

Biaxial movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the joint that permits pronation and supination of the foot?

Talonavicular joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the joint referred to as the Lisfranc joint?

Tarsometatarsal joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of movement possible at the interphalangeal joints?

Hinge movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of supination of the foot?

Increased stability Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the surgeon who described the amputation procedure across the Lisfranc joint?

One of Napolean's surgeons Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of the movement at the metatarsophalangeal joint?

Facilitates walking and running Signup and view all the answers

What is the abbreviation used to refer to the interphalangeal joints?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Joints of the Foot

The foot has several joints, including the subtalar joint, midtarsal joint, and joints of the forefoot.
The subtalar joint is a complex joint that allows for inversion and eversion movements.
The axis of the subtalar joint runs upwards and medially, and inversion is a clockwise rotation around this axis.

Supination of the Foot

Supination is a movement that involves plantar flexion and adduction of the forefoot.
When the foot is in supination, the intrinsic ligaments within the foot tighten, and the foot becomes a rigid lever.
Supination is ideal for lifting the body off the ground during walking or running.

The Arches of the Foot

The foot has three arches: medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, and transverse.
The medial longitudinal arch is supported by the tibialis posterior and flexor hallucis longus tendons.
The long tendons from the leg provide lift and support to the arches from above.

Joints of the Midfoot and Forefoot

The talonavicular joint is a ball and socket joint.
The calcaneocuboid joint allows for gliding movements.
The tarsometatarsal joints are together referred to as the Lisfranc joint.
The metatarsophalangeal joints are condyloid joints that allow for bi-axial movements.
The interphalangeal joints are pure hinges.

Arch Support: Ligaments and Tendons

The plantar calcaneonavicular ligament, or spring ligament, supports the medial longitudinal arch.
The long and short plantar ligaments support the lateral longitudinal arch.
The long tendons from the leg provide lift and support to the arches from above.
The peroneal tendons support the lateral longitudinal arch.
The deep flexor tendons support the medial longitudinal arch.

Muscles of the Sole of the Foot

The second layer of muscles contains the lumbricals and flexor digitorum accessorius.
The lumbricals flex the MTP joints and extend the interphalangeal joints.
The third layer of muscles contains the flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, and flexor digiti minimi brevis.
The fourth layer of muscles contains the plantar and dorsal interossei muscles.

Neurovascular Structures

The neurovascular structures in the foot include the nerves and blood vessels that supply the foot.
The cutaneous distribution of the nerves is important to understand.

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Description

This lecture covers the joints of the foot, including the subtalar and midtarsal joints, and the organization of the foot into arches. Students will learn about the meanings of supination and pronation.