Ankle and Foot Anatomy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

How many tarsal bones are present in the foot?

  • 14
  • 12
  • 5
  • 7 (correct)

    • Which of the following bones is NOT classified as a tarsal bone?

  • Metacarpal (correct)
  • Calcaneus
  • Cuneiform
  • Cuboid

    • What type of joint is the ankle joint classified as?

  • Fibrous joint
  • Hinge joint (correct)
  • Ball and socket joint
  • Pivot joint

    • Which bones articulate at the ankle joint?

    <p>Talus, tibia, and fibula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many total phalanges are found in the foot?

    <p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fracture requires both internal and/or external fixation?

    <p>Pilon fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint allows for gliding and rotation, facilitating inversion movement?

    <p>Subtalar joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the action of dorsiflexion at the ankle?

    <p>Moving the top of the foot towards the leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are primarily responsible for the inversion of the foot?

    <p>Tibialis anterior and posterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot?

    <p>Bones of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures provide support to the arches of the foot?

    <p>Supporting ligaments and tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the extensor retinacula?

    <p>Overly the anterior compartment tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which injury is commonly associated with the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle?

    <p>Strain of the lateral collateral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement does eversion primarily involve?

    <p>Turning the sole of the foot outward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant component of the neurovascular structure in the sole of the foot?

    <p>Nerves and blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary functions of the arches of the foot?

    <p>To absorb and distribute downward forces during standing and moving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones are involved in the medial part of the longitudinal arch?

    <p>Calcaneus, talus, navicular, the 3 cuneiforms, and first 3 metatarsals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure primarily maintains the arches of the foot?

    <p>Ligaments and muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the plantar aponeurosis?

    <p>To provide firm attachment to the skin and protect the neurovascular bundle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligaments are associated with the medial and lateral parts of the longitudinal arch?

    <p>Long plantar ligament and plantar calcaneonavicular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nerves provides sensation to the sole of the foot?

    <p>Lateral and medial plantar nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many layers of muscles are organized in the sole of the foot?

    <p>Four layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of deep fascia in the sole of the foot?

    <p>To thicken and form the plantar aponeurosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Medial Plantar Nerve provide cutaneous sensation to?

    <p>Medial three and one-half toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is larger and passes deep to muscles in the sole of the foot?

    <p>Lateral Plantar Artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure do the medial and lateral plantar veins accompany?

    <p>Digital arteries to the toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Lateral Plantar Nerve primarily supply?

    <p>Lateral one and one-half toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is located midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis?

    <p>Midinguinal point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery forms the deep plantar arch?

    <p>Lateral Plantar Artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerves provide motor branches to muscles in the sole of the foot?

    <p>Medial and Lateral Plantar Nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What joins with the Lateral Plantar Artery at the first intermetatarsal space?

    <p>Dorsalis Pedis Artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the small saphenous vein positioned in relation to the lateral malleolus?

    <p>Posterior to the lateral malleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein drains directly into the femoral vein?

    <p>Great saphenous vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the popliteal vein as it passes into the adductor hiatus?

    <p>It becomes the femoral vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is a branch of the common fibular nerve?

    <p>Superficial fibular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is found on the medial side of the dorsal venous arch?

    <p>Great saphenous vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the deep veins of the lower limb?

    <p>They accompany arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the femoral vein when it passes under the inguinal ligament?

    <p>It becomes the external iliac vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is specifically responsible for sensation in the back of the thigh?

    <p>Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do perforating veins play in the venous system of the lower limb?

    <p>They connect superficial and deep veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do deep veins of the leg primarily drain?

    <p>Into the popliteal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia and fibula at the ankle joint?

    <p>Talus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tarsal bones?

    <p>To facilitate movement and structure in the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the ankle joint's movement capabilities?

    <p>Permits hinge-like dorsiflexion and plantarflexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is NOT a part of the tarsal bones?

    <p>Metatarsal 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many phalanges are there in the foot?

    <p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of fracture is characterized by multiple fractures of the tibia due to high axial forces?

    <p>Pilon fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tarsal joint is specifically responsible for allowing gliding and rotation involved in inversion?

    <p>Subtalar joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action is defined as moving the top of the foot towards the leg?

    <p>Dorsiflexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are primarily responsible for the eversion movement of the foot?

    <p>Fibularis longus, brevis, and tertius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure provides a pathway for tendons and nerves on the medial side of the ankle?

    <p>Tarsal tunnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery contributes primarily to the vascular supply of the sole of the foot?

    <p>Medial plantar artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging technique is commonly used to interpret abnormalities in the foot and ankle joint?

    <p>X-ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which veins accompany the corresponding arteries in the sole of the foot?

    <p>Medial and lateral plantar veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the foot's vascularization forms the plantar arch?

    <p>Digital arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerves are primarily responsible for providing motor branches to the muscles in the sole of the foot?

    <p>Medial and lateral plantar nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during an inversion sprain of the ankle?

    <p>Stretching of the lateral ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stabilizes the ankle joint?

    <p>Medial and lateral ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is injured first in an inversion ankle sprain?

    <p>Anterior talofibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fracture is a bimalleolar ankle fracture also known as?

    <p>Pott’s fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component characterizes the lateral ligament of the ankle?

    <p>Three separate ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a Pott’s fracture during an everted foot movement?

    <p>Pulling of the medial ligament on the medial malleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a severe inversion ankle sprain?

    <p>Injury to the anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical feature of the talus contributes to joint stability when the foot is dorsiflexed?

    <p>Wider anteriorly than posteriorly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the plantar aponeurosis in the foot?

    <p>To assist in maintaining the arches and provide attachment to the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is described as a strong ligament that connects the sustentaculum tali to the inferior surface of the navicular?

    <p>Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the medial part of the longitudinal arch?

    <p>Calcaneus, talus, navicular, and the 3 cuneiforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the transverse arch of the foot?

    <p>Formed at the junction of tarsals with metatarsals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerves provide sensation to the plantar aspect of the foot?

    <p>Medial plantar nerve and lateral plantar nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What comprises the lateral part of the longitudinal arch?

    <p>Calcaneus, cuboid, and lateral 2 metatarsals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure functions to absorb and distribute downward forces during standing and movement?

    <p>Longitudinal arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the drainage path of the small saphenous vein?

    <p>It drains into the popliteal vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure accompanies the deep veins in the lower limb?

    <p>Arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the great saphenous vein is true?

    <p>It drains into the femoral vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the popliteal vein become the femoral vein?

    <p>After it passes into the adductor hiatus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the common fibular nerve?

    <p>It is from the sacral plexus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve provides sensation to the lateral aspect of the calf?

    <p>Superficial fibular nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the blood supply of the deep veins in the lower limb?

    <p>They drain into the femoral vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurite structure is responsible for producing sensation in the back of the thigh?

    <p>Posterior cutaneous nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the femoral vein when it passes underneath the inguinal ligament?

    <p>It becomes the external iliac vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tarsal bones is primarily responsible for articulation at the ankle joint?

    <p>Talus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement is primarily restricted by the anatomical structure of the ankle joint?

    <p>Medial rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary artery involved in the vascular supply of the sole of the foot?

    <p>Posterior tibial artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones make up the metatarsal structure of the foot?

    <p>5 metatarsal bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of bones directly articulates with the talus?

    <p>Tibia and Fibula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for maintaining the stability of the plantar arch?

    <p>Long plantar ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of structure, how are phalanges categorized in the foot?

    <p>Proximal, middle, and distal for digits 2-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following assessments is crucial for understanding peripheral pulses in the lower limb?

    <p>Ankle-brachial index measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the saphenous vein in the vascular system of the lower limb?

    <p>Acts as a major conduit for venous return</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is most useful for interpreting the vascular anatomy of the ankle joint?

    <p>Ultrasound Doppler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures primarily supports the arches of the foot?

    <p>Plantar aponeurosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action occurs primarily at the subtalar joint during foot inversion?

    <p>Elevation of the medial arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurovascular structure is located in the tarsal tunnel?

    <p>Tibial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which injury is specifically mentioned as occurring to the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle?

    <p>Lateral ankle sprain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the extensor retinacula in the lower limb?

    <p>Restricting excessive movement of tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stabilizes the ankle joint by connecting the fibula and tibia to the tarsal bones?

    <p>Medial and lateral ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of ankle sprain are the lateral ligaments most commonly affected?

    <p>Inversion sprain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is typically injured first in an ankle inversion sprain?

    <p>Anterior talofibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the medial (deltoid) ligament of the ankle?

    <p>It is triangular in shape and consists of four separate ligaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event typically leads to a Pott's fracture?

    <p>Foot being forcibly everted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of overstretching the ligaments of the ankle?

    <p>Ankle sprain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is not part of the lateral ligament complex of the ankle?

    <p>Tibiotalar ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the mechanical response of the ankle during dorsiflexion?

    <p>The joint is more stable due to the wider anterior of the talus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the plantar aponeurosis?

    <p>To protect the neurovascular bundle and assist in maintaining arches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is included in the lateral part of the longitudinal arch?

    <p>Cuboid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is essential for the maintenance of foot arches?

    <p>Muscles and ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the sole of the foot?

    <p>Generating heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component primarily acts at the junction of tarsals with metatarsals?

    <p>Transverse arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plantar ligaments connects the calcaneus to the cuboid and the bases of the 2-5 metatarsal?

    <p>Long plantar ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerves provide cutaneous sensation to the lateral and medial aspects of the sole of the foot?

    <p>Medial and lateral plantar nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligaments support the medial and lateral parts of the foot's longitudinal arch?

    <p>Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament and long plantar ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the position of the small saphenous vein?

    <p>It ascends in the posterior leg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct pathway of the great saphenous vein?

    <p>It runs along the medial side of the leg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes the relationship between deep veins and arteries in the lower limb?

    <p>Deep veins accompany arteries as they travel through the limb.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the popliteal vein change as it travels into the adductor hiatus?

    <p>It becomes the femoral vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for sensation in the back of the thigh?

    <p>Sural nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the femoral vein after it passes underneath the inguinal ligament?

    <p>It becomes the external iliac vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is found between the tendons of EHL and FDL?

    <p>Flexor retinaculum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nerves arise from the common fibular nerve?

    <p>Superficial fibular nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of perforating veins in the venous system of the lower limb?

    <p>They link superficial and deep venous systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the course of the tibial nerve?

    <p>It runs posteriorly in the leg and foot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ankle, Foot, Peripheral Pulses and Venous Drainage of the Lower Limb

    • The foot is composed of 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsal bones, and 14 phalanges.
    • The ankle joint is a synovial joint involving the talus of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula.
    • The ankle joint allows hinge-like dorsi- and plantarflexion.
    • The articular surface is covered by hyaline cartilage. The talus is wider anteriorly than posteriorly, which makes the joint more stable when dorsiflexed.
    • The ankle is stabilised by medial and lateral ligaments.
    • The lateral ligament is composed of three separate ligaments: anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, and posterior talofibular ligaments.
    • The medial (deltoid) ligament of the ankle is large, strong, and triangular-shaped, composed of four separate ligaments.
    • Ankle sprains occur when ligaments are overstretched but not completely ruptured.
    • Inversion (inward) sprains primarily stretch the lateral ligaments. Eversion sprains (outward), less common, stretch the medial ligaments.
    • Pott's fracture-bimalleolar ankle fractures involve the foot forcefully everting, medial ligament pulling on the medial malleolus, and talus moving laterally, causing lateral malleolus fracture.
    • A pilon fracture is a multiple fracture of the tibia, often caused by high axial forces, potentially involving the talus or fibula, and requiring fixation.
    • Tarsal joints include the subtalar, talocalcaneonavicular, calcaneocuboid joints, and midtarsal/inter/transverse tarsal joints. Movements include inversion and eversion.
    • The tarsal tunnel is on the medial side of the ankle, between the tarsal bones and the flexor retinaculum.
    • Movements at the ankle include dorsiflexion (moving the top of the foot towards the leg), plantarflexion (moving the plantar surface of the foot away from the leg), inversion (directing the sole of the foot medially), and eversion (directing the sole of the foot laterally).
    • The arches of the foot (longitudinal and transverse) absorb and distribute downward forces during standing and movement. The medial part of the longitudinal arch involves the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and first three metatarsals.
    • The lateral part of the longitudinal arch involves the calcaneus, cuboid, and lateral two metatarsals. The transverse arch is formed by the junction of the tarsals with the metatarsals, including the cuboid and cuneiforms.
    • The sole of the foot has thick skin, firmly attached to fascia, containing plantar nerves, and sweat glands. The plantar aponeurosis protects the neurovascular bundle and helps maintain arches. Planter ligaments include strong ligaments originating between the calcaneus, cuboid, and metatarsal bases, and connecting the calcaneus and navicular.
    • The sole of the foot is organized into four layers of muscles. The tibial nerve branches into medial and lateral plantar nerves, supplying motor and sensory functions to the muscles in the sole.
    • Peripheral pulses can be palpated in various locations in the lower limb, including the femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis pulses.
    • Superficial veins of the lower limb include the small saphenous vein (lateral side) and great saphenous vein (medial side). These veins drain into the popliteal and femoral veins, respectively.
    • Deep veins accompany arteries, connecting superficial and deep veins through perforating veins and draining into the popliteal vein, which becomes the femoral vein. The femoral vein becomes the external iliac vein when passing under the inguinal ligament.
    • The nerves related to the lower limb discussed include superficial and deep fibular, tibial nerves, saphenous nerve, and multiple branches and variations.

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    Test your knowledge on the anatomy and physiology of the ankle and foot. This quiz covers the structure of tarsal bones, ligaments, and joint functions essential for movement. Perfect for students in anatomy or physiotherapy courses.

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