The Female Reproductive System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?

  • To act as a passage for eggs to enter the uterus
  • To produce and store oocytes (correct)
  • To serve as the main site for fetal development
  • To produce hormones only

Which structure connects the ovaries to the uterus?

  • The labia
  • The cervix
  • The fallopian tubes (correct)
  • The mons pubis

What is contained primarily in the medulla of the ovaries?

  • Blood vessels and nerves (correct)
  • Ovarian follicles
  • Granulosa cells
  • Gametes

At what stage of meiosis do primary oocytes remain until puberty?

<p>Prophase 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes does a primary oocyte contain?

<p>46 chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of oocyte development referred to as?

<p>Follicular development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many primordial follicles are typically present at birth?

<p>2 million follicles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What transformation occurs as a primordial follicle develops into a primary follicle?

<p>Follicular cells become granulosa cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone do theca cells produce as a precursor to sex hormones?

<p>Androstenedione (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms within a graafian follicle that assists in nourishing the primary oocyte?

<p>Antrum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by follicular development?

<p>Follicular phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary type of cell that surrounds the primary oocyte in secondary follicles?

<p>Granulosa cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does the second stage of follicular development typically take?

<p>70 to 85 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is continuously secreted by the hypothalamus before puberty?

<p>Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells utilize the enzyme aromatase to convert hormones?

<p>Granulosa cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What marks the separation between the follicular phase and the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

<p>Ovulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during ovulation?

<p>The dominant follicle ruptures to release the secondary oocyte. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle is progesterone the dominant hormone?

<p>Luteal phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the hypothalamus influence the production of FSH and LH during puberty?

<p>By secreting GnRH in pulses with varying frequency and amplitude (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of luteinized granulosa cells after ovulation?

<p>To produce more progesterone than estrogen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

<p>It becomes fibrotic and is called corpus albicans. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do granulosa cells play in the menstrual cycle?

<p>They produce aromatase and secrete activin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the secretion of inhibin by luteinized granulosa cells?

<p>Low levels of LH. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of estrogen during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

<p>It acts as a negative feedback signal to the pituitary gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition must be met for the dominant follicle to trigger a surge in FSH and LH?

<p>Blood estrogen levels must reach 200 picograms/milliliter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the secondary oocyte travel immediately after ovulation?

<p>Through the peritoneal space to the fallopian tube. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of the corpus luteum after approximately 10 days if fertilization has not occurred?

<p>It undergoes involution and forms a scar tissue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the follicles that do not become the dominant follicle?

<p>They regress and die off (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 17β-estradiol primarily produced from?

<p>Conversion of androstenedione by luteinized granulosa cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the completion of meiosis 1 in the primary oocyte?

<p>A surge in estrogen and LH levels from the pituitary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for making theca cells produce androstenedione?

<p>LH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by fast-growing graafian follicles entering development?

<p>Follicular phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location where fertilization occurs?

<p>Ampullary region (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the uterus is responsible for contractions during childbirth?

<p>Myometrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the endometrium if fertilization does not occur?

<p>The spiral arteries collapse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the uterus is located just below the openings of the fallopian tubes?

<p>Uterine body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the mucus plugs in the cervix?

<p>To keep the uterus closed off (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ligaments supports the uterus laterally?

<p>Cardinal ligaments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium thicken in preparation for potential fertilization?

<p>Follicular phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the uterus is continuous with the lining of the peritoneal cavity?

<p>Perimetrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vagina during childbirth?

<p>It is the passageway for the baby. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures makes up the external sex organs?

<p>The labia majora (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause the hymen to break?

<p>Exercise and tampon use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?

<p>They produce ova and female sex hormones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the clitoral hood?

<p>It provides protection to the clitoris. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ovaries

The female gonads, responsible for producing eggs (ova) and hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

Fallopian Tubes

Muscular tubes connecting ovaries to the uterus. Site of fertilization.

Uterus

Strong, muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops.

Cervix

The opening of the uterus that protrudes into the vagina.

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Vulva

The external sex organs of a female, encompassing the labia, clitoris, and mons pubis.

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Ovarian Cortex

Outer layer of the ovary containing ovarian follicles.

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Ovarian Medulla

Inner layer of the ovary containing blood vessels and nerves.

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Primordial Follicles

Immature egg cells present in the ovary at birth.

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Second stage of follicular development

This stage begins in puberty, where a few primary follicles develop into secondary follicles. The primary oocyte remains in prophase of meiosis I, while granulosa and theca cells develop around it.

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Theca cells

These cells are crucial for producing androgens, precursors to estrogens.

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Granulosa cells

These cells convert androstenedione into estradiol, a type of estrogen, and progesterone. They surround the developing oocyte.

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Antrum

A central cavity that forms within the graafian follicle.

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Nourishing fluid

This fluid, secreted by granulosa cells, provides nourishment for the primary oocyte.

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Follicular phase

The first two weeks of the menstrual cycle, during which the follicle matures.

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GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

Secreted by the hypothalamus, it stimulates the pituitary to release FSH and LH.

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FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)

Secreted by the pituitary, it stimulates the development of the follicle and estrogen production.

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What is the vagina?

The passageway for the baby during childbirth. It connects the internal and external sex organs.

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What is the hymen?

A thin sheet of vaginal mucosa that partially covers the vaginal opening in childhood. It can break due to various activities.

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What is the vulva?

The external sex organs collectively, including the labia majora, labia minora, mons pubis and clitoris.

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What are the labia majora?

Two folds of skin surrounding the labia minora. They are called 'the two greater lips'.

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What is the vulvar vestibule?

The space between the two labia minora that includes the opening of the vagina and the urethral opening.

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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Hormone released by the hypothalamus that triggers the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland.

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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and the production of estrogen.

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Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Hormone produced by the pituitary gland that triggers ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum.

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Aromatase

Enzyme responsible for converting androgens into estrogen in granulosa cells.

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Activin

A hormone produced by granulosa cells that further stimulates FSH production, leading to increased follicle growth.

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Dominant follicle

The dominant follicle is the follicle that receives the most FSH and becomes the one that ultimately ovulates during a woman's menstrual cycle.

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What is the ampullary region of the fallopian tube?

The widest, funnel-shaped portion of the fallopian tube, where fertilization typically occurs.

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What is ovulation?

The release of a mature egg (secondary oocyte) from a follicle in the ovary. This occurs around day 14 of the menstrual cycle.

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What is the luteal phase?

The phase of the menstrual cycle following ovulation, characterized by the presence of a corpus luteum, which produces progesterone.

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What is the isthmus region of the fallopian tube?

The narrowest part of the fallopian tube, connecting to the uterine cavity.

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What is the corpus luteum?

The structure formed after ovulation from the remaining follicle, primarily composed of luteinized granulosa and theca cells. It produces hormones crucial for pregnancy maintenance.

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What is the myometrium of the uterus?

A layer of smooth muscle that contracts during childbirth to push the baby out.

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What is the fundus of the uterus?

The top part of the uterus above the fallopian tube openings.

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What are luteinized granulosa cells?

The cells within the corpus luteum derived from granulosa cells. They primarily secrete progesterone and inhibin.

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What are luteinized theca cells?

The cells within the corpus luteum derived from theca cells. Primarily secrete androstenedione, a precursor for estrogen.

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What is the uterine body?

The portion of the uterus below the fallopian tube openings.

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What is inhibin?

The hormone secreted by the corpus luteum, particularly from luteinized granulosa cells. It inhibits FSH release, preventing follicle development.

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What is the endometrium of the uterus?

A layer of tissue that lines the inside of the uterus and undergoes monthly changes.

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What path does the secondary oocyte take after ovulation?

The journey of the secondary oocyte from the ovary into the fallopian tube, after ovulation.

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What is the purpose of the mucus plug in the cervix?

A thick mucus plug that seals the cervical opening except during menstruation and just before ovulation.

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When does the endometrium thicken?

The phase of the menstrual cycle when the endometrium thickens in preparation for potential implantation of a fertilized egg.

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What are fimbriae?

The finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tube that help capture the secondary oocyte after ovulation.

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Study Notes

The Female Reproductive System

  • The female reproductive system comprises internal and external organs for reproduction
  • Internal organs include ovaries (female gonads), fallopian tubes, uterus, and cervix
  • The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina
  • External sex organs are in the vulva region, including labia, clitoris, and mons pubis
  • Ovaries are walnut-sized, held in place by ligaments (broad, ovarian, suspensory)
  • The suspensory ligament is crucial for ovarian blood supply (arteries, veins, and nerve plexus)
  • Ovaries have cortex (outer layer with follicles) and medulla (inner layer with blood vessels, nerves)
  • At birth, the ovarian cortex contains about two million primordial follicles
  • Each primordial follicle holds a primary oocyte surrounded by follicular cells
  • Primary oocytes have 46 chromosomes
  • Oocyte development, tied to follicular development, occurs in three stages
    • Stage 1 (infancy to puberty): Primary oocyte remains in prophase 1 of meiosis
    • Stage 2 (puberty onwards, usually during menstrual cycle): Primary follicle develops into secondary and finally graafian follicles
    • Graafian follicles have antrum (cavity with fluid) and layers of granulosa and theca cells
      • Theca cells make androstenedione.
      • Granulosa cells convert androstenedione to estradiol and progesterone
      • Follicular phase spans typically 70-85 days
    • Stage 3 (follicular phase of menstrual cycle): Mature follicles are ready for ovulation
  • Menstrual cycle (average 28 days): Follicular phase (first half) and luteal phase (second half)
  • Ovulation (day 14): Rupture of mature follicle, releasing secondary oocyte (with 23 chromosomes) for potential fertilization
  • Follicular phase controlled by hypothalamus (GnRH) and pituitary (FSH, LH).
  • Luteal phase: Remaining follicle becomes corpus luteum, secreting progesterone
  • If fertilization occurs, corpus luteum persists, producing progesterone to support pregnancy
  • If no fertilization, corpus luteum breaks down into corpus albicans
  • Secondary oocyte travels through fallopian tube (fimbriae, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus) for potential fertilization
  • The fallopian tubes funnel the released gamete into the uterus.
  • Uterus has three layers (perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium)
  • The endometrium thickens in preparation for possible pregnancy.
  • If no pregnancy, it sheds (menstruation)
  • The vagina is a muscular tube that connects the uterus to the external environment.

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Description

This quiz covers the anatomy of the female reproductive system, including both internal and external organs. You'll explore the functions of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and cervix, as well as the significance of the ovarian ligaments and follicles. Test your knowledge about the development stages of oocytes and their chromosomal composition.

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