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Questions and Answers
What was the National Bank set up by?
What was the National Bank set up by?
What type of tax is an excise tax?
What type of tax is an excise tax?
A tax on whiskey
What do tariffs refer to?
What do tariffs refer to?
A tax put on imported goods
What does loose construction of the Constitution mean?
What does loose construction of the Constitution mean?
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What is the main principle of strict construction?
What is the main principle of strict construction?
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What is meant by assumption of debts?
What is meant by assumption of debts?
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What does 'Funding at Par' refer to?
What does 'Funding at Par' refer to?
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Who was the first president of the United States?
Who was the first president of the United States?
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What did George Washington establish regarding presidential advisers?
What did George Washington establish regarding presidential advisers?
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Who were members of George Washington's cabinet?
Who were members of George Washington's cabinet?
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What practice did George Washington set up regarding international affairs?
What practice did George Washington set up regarding international affairs?
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Who commanded the American soldiers at the Battle of Fallen Timbers?
Who commanded the American soldiers at the Battle of Fallen Timbers?
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What was the result of the Battle of Fallen Timbers?
What was the result of the Battle of Fallen Timbers?
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What did the Treaty of Greenville establish?
What did the Treaty of Greenville establish?
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What were war bonds used for?
What were war bonds used for?
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Who was James Madison's political affiliation?
Who was James Madison's political affiliation?
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What was the Whiskey Rebellion a response to?
What was the Whiskey Rebellion a response to?
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What characterized the First Party System?
What characterized the First Party System?
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Who was the leader of the Republicans?
Who was the leader of the Republicans?
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What was the Federalists' goal?
What was the Federalists' goal?
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What defines an agrarian society?
What defines an agrarian society?
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What defines a commercial society?
What defines a commercial society?
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What sparked the French Revolution?
What sparked the French Revolution?
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Who was Citizen Genet?
Who was Citizen Genet?
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What did Jay's Treaty achieve?
What did Jay's Treaty achieve?
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What was the First Rapprochement?
What was the First Rapprochement?
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What was Pinckney's Treaty known for?
What was Pinckney's Treaty known for?
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What did George Washington's Farewell Address warn against?
What did George Washington's Farewell Address warn against?
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Who was the second President of the United States?
Who was the second President of the United States?
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What did the 12th Amendment change?
What did the 12th Amendment change?
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What characterized the Quasi-War?
What characterized the Quasi-War?
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Who was Talleyrand?
Who was Talleyrand?
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What was the XYZ Affair?
What was the XYZ Affair?
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What did the Alien and Sedition Acts aim to do?
What did the Alien and Sedition Acts aim to do?
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What did the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions assert?
What did the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions assert?
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What is the Compact Theory?
What is the Compact Theory?
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Who was Matthew Lyons?
Who was Matthew Lyons?
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What was the Revolution of 1800?
What was the Revolution of 1800?
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Who was Aaron Burr?
Who was Aaron Burr?
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What was the Tammany Society?
What was the Tammany Society?
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What did the Judiciary Act of 1801 aim to do?
What did the Judiciary Act of 1801 aim to do?
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What are 'Midnight Judges'?
What are 'Midnight Judges'?
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What was the verdict of Marbury v. Madison?
What was the verdict of Marbury v. Madison?
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What is judicial review?
What is judicial review?
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What is a writ of mandamus?
What is a writ of mandamus?
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Study Notes
National Bank
- Established by Alexander Hamilton to provide a secure place for the government’s funds.
- Initial capitalization included $2 million from the government and $8 million from investors.
Excise Tax
- A tax imposed specifically on whiskey.
- Disproportionately affected small farmers as Hamilton strategized that larger distillers would absorb the cost more effectively.
Tariffs
- Taxes applied to imported goods to protect American industry.
Loose Construction vs. Strict Construction
- Loose Construction: Advocates argue for flexibility in interpreting the Constitution, allowing for implied powers beyond the text.
- Strict Construction: Emphasizes adhering closely to the Constitution's explicit wording.
Assumption of Debts
- Policy where the national government assumed all state debts, aiming to bolster the credit of the United States.
Funding at Par
- Refers to paying government bonds at their face value to current holders, rather than original purchasers.
George Washington
- The United States' first president, known for maintaining neutrality in international conflicts.
Cabinet
- Precedent set by Washington where a group of advisors assists the president in governance.
Key Cabinet Members
- Knox, Hamilton, and Jefferson were prominent members and old acquaintances of Washington.
Benevolent Procrastination
- A strategy initiated by Washington to avoid entanglement in international affairs until the U.S. was stronger.
Anthony Wayne
- General in charge during the Battle of Fallen Timbers, known for his fierce leadership style.
Battle of Fallen Timbers
- Marked a significant victory for American forces over Native Americans, highlighting British support for Indigenous groups.
Treaty of Greenville
- Agreement between the U.S. and Native Americans ceding territory in Ohio in exchange for goods.
War Bonds
- Financial instruments sold by the government to fund military campaigns.
James Madison
- Initially a Federalist, he later opposed abuses of power and joined the Democratic-Republicans.
James Monroe
- A Democratic-Republican and Jefferson’s ambassador to France, opposing treaties with Britain and Spain.
Whiskey Rebellion
- A revolt by Pennsylvania farmers against the excise tax, suppressively quelled by Washington leading 15,000 militia.
First Party System
- The political struggle between the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans for control of the government.
Republican Party
- Established in response to the Federalists; led by Jefferson with a pro-French, agrarian, and strict constructionist philosophy.
Federalist Party
- The original political party, led by Hamilton, advocating for a strong national government and loose interpretation of the Constitution.
Agrarian vs. Commercial Society
- Agrarian Society: Economy primarily based on agriculture.
- Commercial Society: Economy focused on trade and industry.
French Revolution
- An uprising that resulted in the overthrow of the monarchy, leading to a new, authoritarian regime.
Citizen Genet
- French ambassador who attempted to recruit Americans for military actions against England and Spain without Washington's approval.
Jay's Treaty
- A pivotal agreement that established peace between the U.S. and Britain while addressing trade and territorial issues.
First Rapprochement
- Refers to the period of improved relations between Britain and America following Jay's Treaty.
Pinckney's Treaty
- Treaty defining the border with Florida and granting Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River.
Washington's Farewell Address
- Advocated for isolationist policies and warned against the dangers of political parties.
John Adams
- The second President, known for his federalist stance and facing criticism that contributed to the decline of his party.
12th Amendment
- Altered the presidential election process to prevent candidates from opposing political parties from being elected together.
Quasi-War
- An undeclared naval conflict between the U.S. and France resulting from tensions following Jay's Treaty.
Talleyrand
- A skilled French Prime Minister who adeptly navigated France's political upheavals.
XYZ Affair
- Diplomatic incident involving French demands for bribes from American negotiators, rousing national outrage.
Alien and Sedition Acts
- Laws aimed at suppressing dissent against the Federalists, backfiring and harming public perception of the party.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
- Political statements asserting states' rights to nullify unconstitutional federal laws in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Compact Theory
- The belief that states have the authority to judge federal authority and actions, articulated by John C. Calhoun.
Matthew Lyons
- First person imprisoned under the Sedition Act; notable for continuing political involvement even while incarcerated.
Revolution of 1800
- Peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans, a significant democratic milestone.
Aaron Burr
- Jefferson's vice president, known for his controversial actions including killing Hamilton in a duel and treasonous activities.
Tammany Society
- The first political machine in the U.S., established in New York City by Aaron Burr.
Judiciary Act of 1801
- Act aimed at maintaining Federalist influence within the judicial system by adding more Federalist judges.
Midnight Judges
- Federal judges appointed by Adams at the last minute to secure Federalist control of the courts.
Marbury v. Madison
- Landmark Supreme Court case establishing the principle of judicial review, asserting the court's authority over congressional legislation.
Judicial Review
- The power of the Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress.
Writ of Mandamus
- A court order compelling an executive to perform a duty; deemed unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison.
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Description
Explore key terms and definitions from the Federalist Era in American history through these flashcards. Comprehend essential concepts like the National Bank, Excise Tax, and Tariffs that shaped the early United States. Improve your understanding and retention of this crucial historical period.
