Federalist Period to Age of Jackson

A political party during the Federalist Period, advocating a strong national government with broad powers.

A political party during the Federalist Period, emphasizing states' rights and limited federal government.

A clause in the Constitution granting Congress the power to make laws necessary for carrying out its enumerated powers.

An uprising by western Pennsylvania farmers protesting a tax on whiskey.

A central bank established by the federal government to manage the country's finances.

A declaration by President Washington that the US would remain neutral in conflicts between other nations.

A speech by President Washington urging Americans to avoid political factions and foreign entanglements.

The period of George Washington's presidency, considered the start of the Federalist period.

The period of John Adams' presidency, marked by domestic and foreign political conflicts.

The tradition established by George Washington of presidents serving no more than two terms.

Laws making it illegal to criticize the government; used to control public opinion.

Response to the Alien and Sedition Acts; argued states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws.

The idea that states can cancel federal laws they deem unconstitutional.

Jefferson's term as president (1800-1808), marked by the Louisiana Purchase and attempts to reduce government influence.

US acquisition of land from France, significantly expanding US territory.

Exploration of the newly acquired Louisiana Territory, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark.

Long-lasting effects of the Federalist Era; focused on expanding federal power.

Forcibly taking sailors from American ships and forcing them to serve in the British navy.

Increased national borrowing during the Adams administration.

Taxes that were disliked by the people.

A law passed by the US Congress to limit American trade with both Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars, hoping to force them to respect American neutrality. It aimed to hurt both British and French economies by cutting off access to American goods.

The Embargo Act had several unintended consequences: It hurt the US economy significantly, leading to loss of jobs and decline in trade. It also caused resentment among American merchants and ship owners. Ultimately, the act was repealed in 1809, achieving little of its intended goals.

A political party in the early 19th century, advocating for a strong national government with broad powers, promoting industry and trade. They believed in a strong central government to maintain order and economic stability.

The Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties had major disagreements on the role and power of the federal government, interpretation of the Constitution, and the best path for economic development. These differences fueled political debates and shaped the early years of the United States.

A landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to declare laws or actions of the executive and legislative branches unconstitutional.

The power of the Supreme Court to review and declare laws or actions of the government unconstitutional. It is a cornerstone of American democracy, ensuring that all branches of government operate within the framework of the Constitution.

The increasing differences between the North and South during the early 19th century. The North, with its growing cities and industrialization, favored protectionist policies, while the South, mainly agrarian, opposed them. This division laid the foundation for later conflicts.

Technological advancements like the cotton gin, steamboat, and interchangeable parts had a major impact on the US economy and society. While they contributed to economic growth, they also exacerbated the differences between the North and South, furthering sectionalism.

The North and South developed distinct economies, industries, and social structures. The North, with its growing industries and cities, favored federal power and protectionist policies. The agrarian South, with its reliance on slave labor, opposed federal intervention and sought to maintain its way of life.

The War of 1812 was sparked by a combination of factors, including American nationalism, hurt trade due to British restrictions, Native American alliances with Britain, and the desire to remain neutral in European conflicts. However, the United States' desire to expand westward and a feeling that Britain was impeding that ambition was the primary motive.

The Hartford Convention was a meeting of Federalist leaders in New England during the War of 1812. They discussed the possibility of seceding from the Union due to the increasing sectional differences and the perceived disadvantages of the war.

The Era of Good Feelings was a period of relative political harmony and national unity in the United States under President James Monroe (1816-1824). It was marked by a decline in partisan conflict and a sense of national pride following the War of 1812.

The Treaty of Ghent was signed in 1815 and officially ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain. It essentially restored the pre-war status quo, resolving the boundary dispute with Canada and opening the Midwest for American settlement.

The War of 1812 resulted from a complex web of issues, including American nationalism, British interference with American trade, the alliance between British forces and Native American tribes, and America's desire to stay neutral in European conflicts.

The Treaty of Ghent, signed in 1815, brought an official end to the War of 1812. It restored pre-war boundaries and set the stage for American expansion into the Midwest.

The Hartford Convention was a meeting of Federalist leaders in New England during the War of 1812. They voiced their opposition to the war and explored the possibility of secession due to the growing sectional differences.

The Era of Good Feelings was a period of relative political peace and harmony in the United States during James Monroe's presidency. There was a reduction in partisan conflict and a sense of national pride following the War of 1812.

James Madison, the fourth President of the United States, presided over the War of 1812 which ended with a US victory and the Treaty of Ghent. His presidency was marked by a period of intense national debate and a desire for expansion westward.

James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States, is known for his presidency during the Era of Good Feelings. His presidency was marked by relative political unity and peace, a sense of national pride after the War of 1812, and a focus on westward expansion.

A surge of national pride and unity in the US following victory against Britain, leading to developments like a national anthem, westward expansion, and a focus on American culture.

The movement of American settlers across the continent, particularly after the War of 1812, leading to the addition of new states and a growing national identity.

An economic plan proposed by Henry Clay to promote American industry and agriculture by increasing domestic production and reducing reliance on imports.

A treaty between the US and Spain where the US gained Florida and clarified the border between the two countries.

A policy statement by President Monroe declaring that European powers should not intervene in the Americas, and the US would stay out of European affairs.

The division of the US into distinct sections with different interests, particularly between the North, South, and West.

A key cause of sectionalism, where the North focused on industry, the South on agriculture, and the West on expansion, creating economic disparities and competing interests.

A major point of contention among sections, with the North largely against slavery and the South heavily reliant on it.

The rapid population growth in the North compared to the South contributed to sectionalism, as power and influence shifted.

The growing tensions and differences between sections eventually led to the Civil War, highlighting the destructive potential of sectionalism.

A law passed in 1820 that admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state, maintaining the balance of power between slave and free states. It also established a line at 36°30' parallel, above which slavery was prohibited except in Missouri.

A political philosophy that promoted the rights of the common man, expanded suffrage to non-property holders, and emphasized a strong presidency. This era was associated with Andrew Jackson.

A law passed in 1830 that forcibly relocated Native Americans from their traditional lands east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river, leading to hardship and loss of life for many tribes.

The belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent, justified by a sense of American exceptionalism and God-given right.

A foreign policy statement by President James Monroe in 1823 that declared European powers should not interfere in the Americas, and the United States would stay out of European affairs.

A conflict between the United States and Great Britain that was fought over issues such as naval impressment, trade disputes, and American expansion into the West. It ended with the Treaty of Ghent in 1815, restoring pre-war boundaries.