28 Questions
What did the study find about employers' responsiveness to applicants with criminal records?
Employers' levels of responsiveness changed dramatically once they saw the criminal record questions.
In what cases did employers express a preference for workers who had recently been released from prison?
Employers expressed a preference for workers with a criminal record for a janitorial job that involved a great deal of dirty work.
What was the overall attitude of employers towards applicants with a criminal record?
Employers were reluctant to take a chance on applicants with a criminal record in the vast majority of cases.
How does the criminal justice system affect the labor market opportunities of young disadvantaged men?
The criminal justice system plays a key role in sorting and stratifying labor market opportunities for young disadvantaged men.
What does the text suggest about the need for further research on the collateral consequences of incarceration?
Further research is needed to understand the effects of incarceration on housing, family formation, and political participation, among others.
What did the study find about employers' use of criminal record information during the hiring process?
Employers used the criminal record information as a screening mechanism, without probing further into the applicant's situation.
What was the primary focus of the audit study?
To examine the effects of race and criminal background on employment opportunities
What percentage of black applicants without a criminal record received a callback?
14%
How did the effect of race compare to the effect of a criminal record in the audit study?
The effect of race was equal to or greater than the effect of a criminal record
What was the callback rate for white applicants with a criminal record compared to those without a criminal record?
White applicants with a criminal record were half as likely to be called back
How did employers typically inquire about criminal records during the application process?
Employers explicitly asked about criminal convictions on the application form
What did the audit study find regarding the use of reference checks by employers?
Employers paid virtually no attention to references
How did the audit study compare the employment prospects of black ex-offenders to black applicants without a criminal record?
Black ex-offenders were one-third as likely to be called back as black applicants without a criminal record
According to the passage, how have employers' reactions to minority applicants changed since the last major audit study in 1994?
Very little has changed in the reaction of employers to minority applicants
What did the audit study find regarding the qualifications of the applicants?
The applicants had nearly identical credentials and qualifications
What proportion of employers in the sample indicated that they would perform a background check on applicants?
Just over a quarter of employers
What was the main purpose of the employment audit mentioned in the text?
To investigate the impact of criminal records on employment opportunities
What is an essential characteristic of the audit design mentioned in the text?
It combines experimental methods with real-life job applications
In the audit, how were the auditors able to ensure a fair comparison between applicants?
By making all background and personal characteristics identical
What was the specific 'credential' associated with individuals who had a prison term?
Negative credential
Why have several states expanded fair employment legislation to protect ex-offenders?
Due to concerns about racial discrimination in hiring practices
What was the criminal record assigned to the auditors during the audit?
Non-violent, felony drug conviction
What percentage of those recently released from prison will be charged with new crimes within three years?
60%
What is the primary reason given in the passage for why ex-offenders have poorer employment and incomes than those without criminal records?
The environmental and personal histories that sent them to prison in the first place
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as a hypothesis for the relationship between incarceration and lower employment and income?
The lack of education and absence of legitimate opportunities
What does the passage suggest is difficult to determine using survey data?
Both b and c
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a hypothesis for the relationship between incarceration and lower employment and income?
The lack of education and absence of legitimate opportunities
What does the passage suggest is the primary reason for the poor outcomes of ex-offenders after release from prison?
The environmental and personal histories that sent them to prison in the first place
Learn about the challenges faced by ex-offenders upon release from prison and the factors that contribute to their poor outcomes. Explore the debate surrounding whether incarceration itself leads to lower employment and income for ex-offenders. Delve into the complexities of reintegration into society post-incarceration.
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