The Dilemma of Ex-Offenders After Release

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What did the study find about employers' responsiveness to applicants with criminal records?

Employers' levels of responsiveness changed dramatically once they saw the criminal record questions. (correct)

Employers were always responsive to applicants with criminal records and probed further into their situations.

Employers were always reluctant to take a chance on applicants with a criminal record.

Employers expressed a preference for workers who had recently been released from prison in all cases.

In what cases did employers express a preference for workers who had recently been released from prison?

Employers expressed a preference for workers with a criminal record in all cases.

Employers expressed a preference for workers with a criminal record because they tend to be more motivated and are more likely to be hard workers.

Employers expressed a preference for workers with a criminal record for a janitorial job that involved a great deal of dirty work. (correct)

In no cases did employers express a preference for workers with a criminal record.

What was the overall attitude of employers towards applicants with a criminal record?

Employers were equally responsive to applicants with and without a criminal record.

Employers were generally willing to take a chance on applicants with a criminal record.

Employers were reluctant to take a chance on applicants with a criminal record in the vast majority of cases. (correct)

Employers expressed a preference for applicants with a criminal record in most cases.

How does the criminal justice system affect the labor market opportunities of young disadvantaged men?

The criminal justice system plays a key role in sorting and stratifying labor market opportunities for young disadvantaged men. Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the need for further research on the collateral consequences of incarceration?

Further research is needed to understand the effects of incarceration on housing, family formation, and political participation, among others. Signup and view all the answers

What did the study find about employers' use of criminal record information during the hiring process?

Employers used the criminal record information as a screening mechanism, without probing further into the applicant's situation. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the audit study?

To examine the effects of race and criminal background on employment opportunities Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of black applicants without a criminal record received a callback?

14% Signup and view all the answers

How did the effect of race compare to the effect of a criminal record in the audit study?

The effect of race was equal to or greater than the effect of a criminal record Signup and view all the answers

What was the callback rate for white applicants with a criminal record compared to those without a criminal record?

White applicants with a criminal record were half as likely to be called back Signup and view all the answers

How did employers typically inquire about criminal records during the application process?

Employers explicitly asked about criminal convictions on the application form Signup and view all the answers

What did the audit study find regarding the use of reference checks by employers?

Employers paid virtually no attention to references Signup and view all the answers

How did the audit study compare the employment prospects of black ex-offenders to black applicants without a criminal record?

Black ex-offenders were one-third as likely to be called back as black applicants without a criminal record Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, how have employers' reactions to minority applicants changed since the last major audit study in 1994?

Very little has changed in the reaction of employers to minority applicants Signup and view all the answers

What did the audit study find regarding the qualifications of the applicants?

The applicants had nearly identical credentials and qualifications Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of employers in the sample indicated that they would perform a background check on applicants?

Just over a quarter of employers Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the employment audit mentioned in the text?

To investigate the impact of criminal records on employment opportunities Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential characteristic of the audit design mentioned in the text?

It combines experimental methods with real-life job applications Signup and view all the answers

In the audit, how were the auditors able to ensure a fair comparison between applicants?

By making all background and personal characteristics identical Signup and view all the answers

What was the specific 'credential' associated with individuals who had a prison term?

Negative credential Signup and view all the answers

Why have several states expanded fair employment legislation to protect ex-offenders?

Due to concerns about racial discrimination in hiring practices Signup and view all the answers

What was the criminal record assigned to the auditors during the audit?

Non-violent, felony drug conviction Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of those recently released from prison will be charged with new crimes within three years?

60% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason given in the passage for why ex-offenders have poorer employment and incomes than those without criminal records?

The environmental and personal histories that sent them to prison in the first place Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as a hypothesis for the relationship between incarceration and lower employment and income?

The lack of education and absence of legitimate opportunities Signup and view all the answers

What does the passage suggest is difficult to determine using survey data?

Both b and c Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a hypothesis for the relationship between incarceration and lower employment and income?