The Connection Between Physical and Mental Well-being

• Mens sana corpore sano translates to "a sound mind in a sound body," highlighting the connection between physical and mental well-being.

Physical Activity and Mental Performance

• Energy levels increase with physical activity, leading to greater strength and endurance.
• Mental focus can be sharpened for 2-3 hours post-exercise.
• Mood is elevated through the release of endorphins like serotonin.
• Impulsive behaviors can be controlled as physical activity improves brain prioritization.
• Memory is improved through increased information retention.
• Productivity increases due to improved time management when exercise is incorporated mid-day.

Physical Activity and the Brain

• Stress and depression can be reduced through physical activity.
• Self-image is improved with regular exercise.
• Concentration, attention span, and overall mood are enhanced.
• Memory function sees improvement.
• Productivity experiences a boost.
• The aging process of the brain is slowed down through consistent physical activity.

Physical Inactivity Crisis

• A physical inactivity crisis exists in the Western world and parts of the developing world, linked to various health issues from sedentary lifestyles.
• Only 7% of children aged 5-17 meet the recommended 60 minutes of daily exercise.
• Reduced life expectancy is associated with a lack of physical activity.
• Approximately $6.8 billion is spent annually on diseases related to inactivity.
• Coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke are major contributors.
• Body mass index (BMI) calculates weight (kg) relative to the square of height (m).
• There has been a global increase in obesity rates from 29% in 1980 to 37% in 2013.

Overcoming Environmental Barriers

• Environmental barriers pertain to human-made surroundings influencing activity levels.
• The car is considered a significant contributor to a "toxic world" due to reduced physical activity.
• "Active and Safe Routes to School" programs aim to increase active transportation for children.
• Suggestions include supporting community programs, advocating for increased funding for recreational infrastructure, choosing stairs over elevators, and holding "mobile meetings" while walking or biking.

Overcoming Socioeconomic Barriers

• Socioeconomic barriers are related to an individual's or group's social standing based on income, education, and occupation.
• One in three Canadians cannot afford extracurricular activities for their children.
• Right to Play emphasizes the positive impact of play on children.
• Project North provides equipment and education to Inuit communities.
• Canadian Tire's Jumpstart program has assisted 650,000 children since 2005.
• Suggestions include joining affordable community groups, applying for grants, and participating in school programs.

Overcoming Cultural Barriers

• Multiculturalism celebrates diverse ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds.
• Increasing access and equity in sport for new immigrants is a Canadian sport policy goal.
• The Sport Information Resource Centre and Sport Canada address cultural barriers.
• Addressing the lack of government policies related to multiculturalism and sport is essential.
• Providing information about sport and recreation opportunities to newcomers is important.

Overcoming Personal and Psychological Barriers

• Obstacles to physical activity that are largely under individual control include lack of time, poor diet, low self-esteem, lack of motivation or energy, limited access, financial constraints, and fear of pain.
• Finding enjoyable physical activities can improve motivation.
• If exercise causes pain, it should be stopped.
• Less competitive workout environments and support systems can be beneficial.
• Social activities that don't involve sitting should be chosen.
• Rewarding oneself in healthy ways can reinforce positive habits.
• Using stairs, walking/biking, and reducing screen time can help overcome personal barriers.
• Starting with just 10 minutes of exercise per day and gradually increasing it is beneficial, utilize body weight exercises, and replacing junk food with healthy alternatives.

Physical Literacy

• Physical literacy involves moving competently and confidently in various activities and environments, benefiting overall health.
• A goal for all students is achieved via the Long-Term Athlete Development (LTAD) model, the Ontario Physical and Health Education Association (OPHEA), and the Canadian Intramural Recreation Association (CIRA).
• Community programs offer additional benefits, including reduced drug and alcohol use, social skill development for at-risk youth, support services, decreased injury incidence, volunteer contributions.
• Physical competence, confidence, and motivation (cognitive and behavioral) are elements.

Long Term Athlete Development (LTAD)

• Emphasizes physical literacy across the lifespan.
• Offers a seven-stage training, competition, and recovery pathway.
• Takes into account different developmental stages of children, adolescents, and adults.

LTAD Stages

• Active Start (0-6 years): Focus on daily active play to develop fundamental movement skills, building confidence through age-appropriate play.
• FUNdamentals: Develop fundamental movement skills in structured and unstructured environments, emphasizing fun, inclusivity, and multisport participation.
• Learn to Train: Refine fundamental movement skills and learn basic game rules, tactics, and strategies; engage in multiple sports and competitions.
• Train to Train: Develop proficiency in physical, technical-tactical, mental, and emotional aspects of sports, during a period of rapid physical growth.
• Train to Compete: Compete nationally and gain exposure to international competition, with nearly full-time training and advanced sport-specific development.
• Train to Win: Compete at the highest level in events like Olympics, World Championships, or professional leagues, requiring highly specialized training and competition plans.
• Active for Life: Remain active through lifelong fitness or competition, recreationally or competitively, and contribute as leaders, coaches, or officials.

Benefits of Health

• Maintaining a healthy body weight.

• Preventing lifestyle diseases.

• Improving fitness for healthy muscles and bones.

• Physical education and school health programs are aimed at benefiting students' physical and mental well-being, as well as their capacity to learn.

• Sport and recreation can help solve social problems and increase social capital.

• Kinesiology is the study of physiological, psychological, and sociological aspects of human movement and how it can be optimized.

Historical Individuals and Events

• Jesse Owens: Won four gold medals at the 1936 Berlin Olympics.
• Munich Massacre: Terrorist attack at the Olympics resulted in the death of 11 Israeli athletes.
• Billie Jean King: Won the "Battle of the Sexes" in 1973 and advocated for women's rights.
• Terry Fox: Ran the Marathon of Hope to raise money for cancer research.
• Ben Johnson: Stripped of his 1988 Olympic gold medal for doping, led to investigations into doping in Canada.
• Boston Marathon Bombing: Bombs detonated near the finish line in 2013, killing 3 and injuring hundreds.
• Sabrina Ionescu: First NCAA D1 basketball player with 2000 points, 1000 assists, and 1000 rebounds.

Sport in Canada

• New France (1665):
  • Early native culture games had focus on Religious practice, cultural values, and survival skills and the origin of lacrosse (Baggataway).
• English Colony (1763):
  • British wealth led to Cricket, horse racing, fox hunting, and snow shoeing, while the underclass had little time/money for sport.
• Victorian Period:
  • Industrialization and urbanization led to development of sport as leisure.
  • Focus was on socializing, with no leagues or rules around 1850. By 1860-1890 Many leagues were forming and rule standardization emerged.
• 1920: Increased focus on participation and spectator sports.
• Emergence of Sport as a Commodity (1920-1960):
  • Economic prosperity + technological changes + population growth led to sport commercialization for both amateur and professional athletes.
  • Sense of nationalism, big business, and spectatorship became more important.
  • Emergence of the NHL (1917) with 10 NHL teams by 1926.
• Sport and the Canadian State (1960-present):
  • Government was asked to improve sport domain.
  • Recognized sport as a national pride booster.
  • Duke of Edinburgh rebuked Canadians for low fitness.
• Bill C-131:
  • First time federal government committed to sport promotion.
  • Resulted in annual funding, Canada Games initiation, and research grants for physical education specialists.

Canadian Athlete Role Models

• James Naismith: Inventor of basketball who wrote the original rules in December 1891.
• Tom Longboat: Won the 1907 Boston Marathon in poor conditions.
• Bill Crothers: Won 800m gold medal in 1964 Tokyo Olympics.
• Fergie Jenkins: First Canadian in Major League Baseball's Hall of Fame.
• Paul Henderson: Scored the winning goal in the 1972 Summit Series.
• Rick Hansen: Raised $10 million for spinal cord research through the "Man in Motion" tour.
• Terry Fox: Embarked on Marathon of Hope and raised $24.17 million for cancer research.
• Silken Laumann: World-renowned rower who won multiple medals.
• Wayne Gretzky: Dominated the NHL and rewrote hockey record books.
• Donovan Bailey: Won gold medals in the 100m and 4x100m relay in the 1996 Olympics.
• Andre De Grasse: Won multiple Olympic medals, including gold in the 4x100m relay in 2024.
• RJ Barrett: Played college basketball at Duke and was drafted into the NBA.

History of the Olympic Games

• Athens 1896:
  • The first Olympic games financed by the Greek government with 13 countries, 9 sports, and 311 male athletes.
• Paris 1900:
  • Poorly organized and received little attention; 13 sports were added and women competed in golf and tennis.
• St. Louis 1904:
  • Coincided with the World Fair with 12 countries attending and the majority of competitors were American.
• London 1908:
  • Well organized and all judges were British.
• Stockholm 1912:
  • Well organized with added swimming competitions for women.
• Antwerp 1920:
  • Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey not allowed.
• Paris 1924:
  • Large increase in number of countries attending- 44 and 3092 competitors.
• Amsterdam 1928:
• Women participated in athletics and gymnastics. (48 countries)
• Los Angeles 1932:
  • Reduced number of participants due to travel costs but many more spectators attended with the 1st olympic village.
• Berlin 1936:
  • Hitler used the games for propaganda, but Jesse Owens foiled it by winning 4 gold medals.
• London 1948:
  • Germany, japan, and soviet union did not attend .
• Helsinki 1952:
  • The "Friendly Games" occurred without germany and began the east-west rivalry after the soviet union participated 40 years later.
• Melbourne 1956:
  • Equestrian events held in sweden with Spain, holland, china, egypt, and lebanon pulling out due to political matters.
• Rome 1960:
  • The games were viewed world-wide on TV
• Tokyo 1964:
  • South Africa banned because of apartheid policy with Korea and Indonesia not allowed.
• Mexico City 1968:
• East and west germany were separate teams .
• Munich 1972:
  • Protests and Palestinian terrorists killed several Israelis with Rhodesia not allowed for having an all-white team .
• Montreal 1976:
  • Extremely costly with French Canadians upset because of Queen Elizabeth II opening; african country boycotted in support of apartheid policy with Taiwan withdrawing.
• Moscow 1980:
  • Boycotted by western nations, with heavy security.
• Los Angeles 1984:
  • The most commercialized to date with enormous profit and Soviet union, cuba, and most eastern european countries boycotted.
• Seoul 1988:
  • Professional tennis players attended for the 1st time.
• Barcelona 1992:
  • Soviet union replaced by a unified tea, Germany because one team with the USA basketball “dream team”.
  • Slovenia broke off from Yugoslavia
• Atlanta 1996:*
• Soviet union replaced by russian federation and independent countries, a small bomb detonated.. Sydney 2000: Flawlessly organized and 300 events were had Athens 2004: A return to the beginning of the games but focusing on the original roots. Beijing 2008: Is the most expensive games to date with Large scale in terms of economic development which was Well received worldwide. London 2012: First country to host the olympics 3 times and removal of baseball and softball, and First host country to sell out of every ticket. Rio 2016: First south american country to host and a controversy relating to safety that also involved Zika virus issues, as well as russian athletes being banned. Tokyo 2020 Was the covid olympics that was Delayed due to the Covid -19 pandemic and had no live attendees, mental health took center stage with simone biles as many athletes withdrew due to COVID concerns.

Sport and Canadian Culture

• Sport and popular culture are intricately intertwined in developed countries.

• Culture encompasses the ways of life people create in any given society through interaction.

• Sport is an important part of popular culture because it satisfies the Quest for excitement

• Sport are Appealing because of appreciation of physical skills

• Sport has cultural significance because of need for social development

Business of Sport

• Sport is a big business and one of the fastest growing industries in developed countries
• Economic factors are now dominating major decisions

Commercial sports grow best under the following economic conditions:

• Market economy where material rewards are highly valued
• Societies with large, densely populated cities
• Countries with high standard of living
• Large amount of capital (public/private)

Sports Sponsorship

• An agreement between a commercial company and an individual, team or sport

• In return for money the athletes advertise the names of sponsors

• In professional sports Sponsors are advertised through clothing lines corporate logos on equipment , and TV advertisements etc.

• In amateur sports, only enough money is made for the athlete to train full time.

• Sponsors request changes in organization and it is Hard to attract sponsors if competition has low TV appeal.

• Can be censoring If Athletes actions bring bad publicity, they may be terminated from partnerships.

Media and Sport

• Sports account for growing proportion of income made on the sales of commercial time by televised companies Tremendous print circulation in media outlets reach millions of readers which causes for Large advertising revenues for media companies. ( Print media is essentially dead today)
• Unlike other media forms is more Widely used today and Allows the consumer to access information at the time of his/her choosing. They could survive without each other but would be radically changed by the others absence.
• Factors that influence student participation: People participate in physical activity for different reasons at different points in their lives.

Technology

Clothing: Have performance benefit to allow for:

• Heat removal

• Windproof

• Reduced drag

• Aerodynamic advantage

• Biomechanical advantage of shoes

• In women's sport, a gender equity gap persists where women cannot compete in high profile men's professional events when women-only options are available and often review “second-class” treatment when booking facilities.

• Corporate sponsorships for female athletes are fewer than for male athletes and athletes in women's leagues are paid much less than athletes in men's leagues.

• Media coverage is minimal relative to number of women and girls who participate.

• In 2009 south african runner caster Semenya's world championship 800 m victory sparked controversy when her femininity was questioned.

• Sports is referred to “the last closet” in regards to gays and lesbians finding accepting In 2013 basket ball player Jason Collins came out as gay

• Violence: is the international use of physical force to hurt or injure a person or their property and Aggression: is attacking or threatening a person without being provoked

• Hostile aggression: the deliberate intent to harm another player fuelled by anger and hostility

• Instrumental aggression: when a player is injured a side effect of the aggressors attempt to achieve something else for example an injury that occurs during a legal football tackle

• Violence and aggression within competition occur because Coaches often urge athletes to hit hard but hit legal

• Violence and aggression among fans is because Some fans attend matches intending to fight with fans of an opposing team who Are referred to as hooligans and alcohol and drugs are a major influence