10 Questions
What is the phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows?
G1 phase
What is the process called where homologous chromosomes intertwine during prophase I of meiosis?
Synapsis
What is the difference in chromosome number between gametes and somatic cells?
Gametes have a haploid chromosome number, while somatic cells have a diploid chromosome number.
What is the name of the cellular structures that contain the majority of an organism's genetic material?
Chromosomes
What is the purpose of meiosis in the life cycle of an organism?
To increase the genetic diversity of the organism.
What is the term used to describe a condition where there are three sets of chromosomes in a cell?
Polyploidy
Which of the following is an example of a trisomy disorder?
Down Syndrome
What is the term used to describe a condition where a cell is missing a chromosome?
Monosomy
Which syndrome is caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome in males?
Klinefelter Syndrome
What is the term used to describe the failure of chromosomes or chromatids to separate properly during cell division?
Nondisjunction
Study Notes
Cell Cycle
- G1 phase: cell grows
- S phase: DNA replication
- G2 phase: cell prepares for mitosis
Chromosomes
- A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with associated proteins
- Chromatin is a mass-like thread of strands of DNA
- Sister Chromatids are joined copies of the original Chromosome
Meiosis
- Meiosis is the process of forming sex cells (gametes)
- Ensures genetic continuity from one generation to the next
- Gametes have a haploid chromosome number (n), while other body cells (somatic cells) have a diploid number of chromosomes (2n)
Gametes
- Produced in the ovaries (eggs) and the testes (sperm)
- Mature adult female egg has n chromosomes, while mature adult male sperm has n chromosomes
- Fertilization produces a zygote with 2n chromosomes
Synapsis and Crossing Over
- Synapsis occurs during prophase I when sister chromatids from homologous chromosomes intertwine
- Crossing over recombines genetic information during synapsis, only occurring when chromosomes are together as a tetrad
Mistakes in Separation
- Polyploidy: non-disjunction of all chromosomes in a gamete that unites with a haploid gamete to produce 3 sets of chromosomes
- Aneuploidy: having an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, caused by non-disjunction or the failure of separating chromosomes or sister chromatids
Aneuploidy Examples
- Monosomy: missing one chromosome (e.g., Turner Syndrome, only has X chromosome in 23rd pair)
- Trisomy: having three copies of a chromosome (e.g., Klinefelter's Syndrome, xxy; Down Syndrome, extra 21st chromosome; Edward Syndrome, extra 13th chromosome; Patau Syndrome, extra 13th chromosome)
Test your knowledge on the vocabulary related to the cell cycle, including terms such as G1 phase, S phase, sister chromatids, chromosomes, gene, chromatin, meiosis, and more.
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