Cell Cycle - Interphase and Mitosis Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What occurs during interphase?

Interphase is the longest stage of the cell cycle, divided into G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase, where the cell matures and DNA is replicated.

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis.

What is interphase?

The stage of the cell cycle that is between cell divisions.

Explain the big idea of mitosis.

<p>Process to divide the nucleus to create 2 identical daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytokinesis?

<p>The process of dividing the cell to make 2 cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in animal cell cytokinesis?

<p>Microtubules wrap around the equator of the cell, creating an invagination that pinches off to form 2 daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in plant cell cytokinesis?

<p>A cell plate forms from vesicles at the equator to become a new cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event occurs during the G1 phase?

<p>The newly formed cell grows to maturity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event occurs during the S phase?

<p>DNA is synthesized through DNA replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define chromatin.

<p>Form of DNA when it is unorganized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define chromosome.

<p>Form of DNA when it is organized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a dyad chromosome?

<p>A replicated chromosome that consists of 2 identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a monad chromosome?

<p>One strand of DNA organized, often referred to as a chromatid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a centromere?

<p>Location where the sister chromatids are joined after DNA replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the G2 phase?

<p>A stage of interphase characterized by secondary growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the phases of mitosis in order.

<p>Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nickname for prophase?

<p>Prep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nickname for metaphase?

<p>Middle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nickname for anaphase?

<p>Apart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nickname for telophase?

<p>Terminate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the events that occur in prophase.

<p>Chromatin becomes chromosomes, nuclear membrane dissolves, organelles not involved in mitosis disappear, centrioles separate to opposite poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the events that occur in metaphase.

<p>Spindles attach to chromosome centromeres and pull them to the middle of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the events that occur in anaphase.

<p>Dyad chromosomes split at the centromere, each sister chromatid is pulled toward opposite poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the events that occur in telophase.

<p>Chromosomes uncoil, spindles and asters disappear, nuclear membrane surrounds the chromatin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the events of cytokinesis in an animal cell.

<p>Division of the cytoplasm, formation of a cleavage furrow that deepens until the cell is divided into two.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a plant cell different from an animal cell during cytokinesis?

<p>Plant cells form a new cell wall at the equator using a cell plate, while animal cells form a cleavage furrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cell division used for?

<p>For growth, to replace damaged or non-working cells, and to create new organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What scientist contributed the idea that all cells come from preexisting cells?

<p>Virchow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a life cycle?

<p>Formation of a new organism until that organism reproduces new organism(s).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define cell cycle.

<p>From formation of a new cell, as a result of cell division, to that new cell's division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a prokaryotic cell?

<p>Cells without a nucleus (Ex: Bacteria).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a somatic cell?

<p>Body cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do somatic cells divide by?

<p>Mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sex cell?

<p>Germ cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do sex cells use to divide?

<p>Meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the two types of reproduction.

<p>Asexual and sexual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define asexual reproduction.

<p>One organism divides to make two new identical organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the types of asexual reproduction.

<p>Binary fission and budding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define sexual reproduction.

<p>Two haploid cells fuse together to form a new organism that is a genetic combo of the parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define gene.

<p>A section of the DNA strand that codes for a particular trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell?

<ol start="46"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of chromosome pairs in a human somatic cell?

<ol start="23"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Does the number of chromosomes equal the complexity of an organism?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define autosome.

<p>Chromosome not directly involved in determining sex of the organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define sex determining chromosome.

<p>Chromosome(s) that determine sex of an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the human female sex determining chromosomes?

<p>XX.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the human male sex determining chromosomes?

<p>XY.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define diploid cell.

<p>Cell with 2 of each kind of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define haploid cell.

<p>Cell with 1 of each kind of chromosomes (ex: Sex cell).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define karyotype.

<p>Diagram that shows a cell's chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs from largest to smallest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mnemonic for mitosis stages?

<p>If Pitt Makes A Touchdown Cheer!!!</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is PMAT?

<p>Mitosis phases - Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the summary of the cell cycle?

<p>One large cell makes two smaller cells with the same number of chromosomes, allowing organisms to grow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in each stage of the cell cycle?

<ol> <li>Interphase - no division; 2. Mitosis - divides nucleus; 3. Cytokinesis - divides cell and cytoplasm.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is cancer and cell division?

<p>Cancer cells have abnormal growth and do not respond to signals correctly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reproduction?

<p>The process by which an organism produces others of its same kind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define regeneration.

<p>The ability some organisms have to reconstruct a lost body part using mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is budding?

<p>Process by which a new, duplicate plant or animal forms at the side of the parent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Cycle

Series of events in a cell that leads to its growth and division into two identical daughter cells.

Interphase

The longest phase of the cell cycle where a cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for cell division.

Mitosis

The process of dividing the cell's nucleus into two identical nuclei.

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm and cell membrane, completing the cell division process.

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G1 phase

Cell growth and maturation; cells can enter a resting state (G0).

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S phase

DNA replication occurs; chromosomes become duplicated.

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G2 phase

Final preparation for mitosis; further cell growth.

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Prophase

First phase of mitosis: Chromatin condenses, nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibers form.

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Metaphase

Chromosomes align at the cell's equator; spindles attach to centromeres.

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Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

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Telophase

Chromosomes unwind into chromatin, nuclear membrane reforms, spindles disappear, organelles reappear.

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Cleavage furrow

Indentation formed in animal cells during cytokinesis.

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Cell plate

Structure that forms in plant cells during cytokinesis, becoming the new cell wall.

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Chromatin

Unorganized DNA.

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Chromosome

Highly condensed organized form of DNA.

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Sister chromatids

Two identical copies of a chromosome.

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Centromere

Structure that holds sister chromatids together.

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Dyad

Chromosome composed of two sister chromatids.

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Monad

Single strand of DNA after sister chromatids separation.

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Somatic cells

Any body cell that is not a sex cell, having 46 chromosomes.

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Sex cells

Gametes; having 23 chromosomes.

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Meiosis

Cell division process used to produce sex cells (gametes).

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Genes

Sections of DNA that code for traits.

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Karyotype

Graphical representation of chromosomes to identify abnormalities.

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Autosomes

Non-sex determining chromosomes.

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Study Notes

Cell Cycle Overview

  • Interphase includes G1 phase (cell growth), S phase (DNA replication), and G2 phase (final preparations for division).
  • Mitosis is the process of dividing the nucleus to form two identical daughter cells.
  • Cytokinesis completes cell division by dividing the cytoplasm and cell membrane.

Phases of the Cell Cycle

  • Major phases: Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis.
  • Interphase is when the cell prepares for division and is the longest phase of the cell cycle.

Interphase Details

  • G1 phase: Cell grows and matures; cells may enter a resting state known as G0.
  • S phase: DNA synthesis occurs through replication, resulting in duplicated chromosomes.
  • G2 phase: Further growth and preparation for mitosis take place.

Mitosis Details

  • Mitosis phases include Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase (PMAT).
  • Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibers form.
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator, spindles attach to centromeres.
  • Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell.
  • Telophase: Chromosomes unwind into chromatin, nuclear membrane reforms, spindles disappear, organelles reappear.

Cytokinesis

  • In animal cells: Microtubules create a cleavage furrow that divides the cell.
  • In plant cells: A cell plate forms at the equator, becoming a new cell wall as vesicles merge.

Chromosome Structure

  • Chromatin represents unorganized DNA, while chromosomes are organized and highly condensed forms.
  • Dyad chromosomes consist of two sister chromatids connected at a centromere.
  • Monad chromosomes refer to single strands of DNA after the separation of sister chromatids.

Cell Division and Types

  • Somatic cells divide through mitosis; they possess 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
  • Sex cells undergo meiosis, reducing chromosome number to a haploid (23 chromosomes).
  • Organisms can reproduce asexually (identical organisms) or sexually (genetic variation).

Genetic and Chromosomal Concepts

  • Genes are sections of DNA that code for traits; multiple genes can exist on a single DNA strand.
  • Karyotypes are graphical representations of chromosomes used to identify abnormalities.
  • Autosomes are non-sex determining chromosomes, while sex chromosomes determine the organism's sex (XX for female, XY for male).

Special Processes

  • Cancer cells exhibit uncontrollable growth and ignore division signals.
  • Regeneration is the ability to regrow lost body parts through mitosis, commonly seen in starfish and certain lizards.
  • Budding is a form of asexual reproduction where new individuals form at the side of the parent organism.

Summary

  • The cell cycle facilitates growth and repair in organisms by producing identical cells, crucial for biological functions and regeneration.

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