60 Questions
Which part of the neuron receives signals via neurotransmission?
Dendrites
What is the most common type of neuron based on shape?
Multipolar
Which type of neuron stimulates muscles or glands?
Motor neurons
What is the function of interneurons?
Receive input from and send output to other neurons
What is the basic unit of the nervous system?
Neurons
What is the flow of neuronal information within a neuron?
Action potential (AP)
What is the flow of neuronal information between neurons?
Neurotransmission
What is the function of the axon in a neuron?
Transmit action potentials
Which part of the neuron initiates action potentials?
Cell body (soma)
What is the function of sensory neurons?
Respond to environmental stimuli
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for action or evasion?
Sympathetic nervous system
Which neurotransmitter is primarily used by the sympathetic nervous system to innervate organs?
Norepinephrine (NE)
Which division of the nervous system helps the body relax and recuperate?
Parasympathetic nervous system
Which neurotransmitter is primarily used by the parasympathetic nervous system to innervate organs?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Which division of the nervous system is a local network of neurons that governs gut function?
Enteric nervous system
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for maintaining fluid and nutrient balance?
Enteric nervous system
Which imaging technique measures X-ray absorption to map tissue density?
Computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT)
Which imaging technique uses powerful magnetic fields and radio frequency energy to produce high-resolution images?
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Which imaging technique measures ease of water diffusion along white matter tracts?
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
Which imaging technique combines CT with injections of radioactive dyes to show neural activity associated with specific brain functions?
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Which type of glia is responsible for maintaining the extracellular environment and contributing to the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocytes
Which type of glia forms the myelin sheath around axons in the brain and spinal cord?
Oligodendrocytes
Which type of glia forms the myelin sheath around axons in the peripheral nerves?
Schwann cells
Which type of glia is responsible for removing debris from injured or dead cells in the brain?
Microglia
Which part of the neuron gives rise to the axon and is the site of integration?
Axon hillock
What is the function of the myelin sheath around axons?
To speed up conduction of action potentials
Where are neurotransmitter receptors concentrated in the postsynaptic neuron?
Postsynaptic density
What is the correct sequence of events in synaptic transmission?
Action potential reaches axon terminal, synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters, neurotransmitters bind to receptors, receptors excite or inhibit postsynaptic neuron, neurotransmitters are cleared from the synapse
Which division of the nervous system controls the body's organs and glands?
Autonomic nervous system
What is the term for interconnected neurons that carry out a specific function when activated?
Neural circuit
Name the four major types of glia mentioned in the text.
Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, Astrocytes, Microglia
What are the functions of astrocytes?
Maintain extracellular environment, transport nutrients/oxygen, contribute to blood-brain barrier
What is the role of myelin in neuronal conduction?
Speeds up conduction of action potentials
Differentiate between white matter and gray matter.
White matter consists of bundles of myelinated axons, while gray matter consists of mostly cell bodies and dendrites
What is the function of microglia?
Microglia are the brain's resident immune cells and remove debris from injured or dead cells
What is the axon hillock?
The axon hillock is a coneshaped area of the soma that gives rise to the axon and is the site of integration
What are the components of a synapse?
Presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, presynaptic terminal, synaptic vesicles
Describe the process of synaptic transmission.
- Action potential reaches axon terminal. 2. Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synapse. 3. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors. 4. Receptors excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron. 5. Neurotransmitters are released from receptors and cleared from the synapse
What is a neural circuit?
A neural circuit is a interconnected neurons that carry out a specific function when activated
Explain the concept of topographic projection in neural connections.
Topographic projection refers to neighboring neurons projecting to neighboring neurons.
What are the three subdivisions of the nervous system?
Sympathetic nervous system, Parasympathetic nervous system, Enteric nervous system
What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?
Prepares the body for action/evasion 'fight, flight, or freeze', innervates organs with NT norepinephrine (NE)
What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Helps the body relax and recuperate 'rest and digest', 'feed and breed', innervates organs with NT acetylcholine (ACh)
What is the function of the enteric nervous system?
Local, somewhat autonomous network of neurons that governs gut function, maintains fluid and nutrient balance (homeostasis)
What are the divisions of the nervous system?
Central nervous system, Peripheral nervous system, Somatic nervous system, Autonomic nervous system, Sympathetic nervous system, Parasympathetic nervous system, Enteric nervous system
What imaging technique measures X-ray absorption to map tissue density?
Computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT)
What imaging technique uses powerful magnetic fields and radio frequency energy to produce high-resolution images?
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
What imaging technique measures ease of water diffusion along white matter tracts?
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
What imaging technique combines CT with injections of radioactive dyes to show neural activity associated with specific brain functions?
Positron emission tomography (PET)
What imaging technique shows how networks of brain structures collaborate and detects small regional changes in brain metabolism during brain activity?
Functional MRI (fMRI)
What are the functional zones of a neuron and what are their respective functions?
The functional zones of a neuron are input, integration, conduction, and output. The input zone consists of dendrites that receive signals via neurotransmission. The integration zone is the cell body (soma) which combines input signals and initiates action potentials. The conduction zone is the axon, which transmits action potentials. The output zone consists of axon terminals that send signals via neurotransmission.
How are neurons classified based on their shape?
Neurons can be classified based on their shape into three types: multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar. Multipolar neurons have one axon and many dendrites and are the most common type. Bipolar neurons have one axon and one dendrite. Unipolar neurons have a single extension that branches in two directions, with one branch acting as the receptive pole and the other as the output zone.
What are the two basic types of neuronal communication and how do they differ?
The two basic types of neuronal communication are action potential (AP) and neurotransmission. Action potential is the communication that occurs within a neuron, while neurotransmission occurs between neurons.
What are the functions of motor neurons, sensory neurons, and interneurons?
Motor neurons stimulate muscles or glands. Sensory neurons respond to environmental stimuli such as light, odor, and touch. Interneurons receive input from and send output to other neurons.
What is the function of the myelin sheath around axons?
The myelin sheath around axons serves to insulate and protect the axon, as well as to increase the speed at which action potentials are conducted along the axon.
What is the role of glia in the nervous system?
Glia are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection to neurons. They play a crucial role in maintaining the extracellular environment, contributing to the blood-brain barrier, and forming the myelin sheath around axons.
What is the neuron doctrine?
The neuron doctrine states that the brain is composed of independent cells called neurons, and that information is transmitted from cell to cell across synapses.
What is the division of the nervous system responsible for preparing the body for action or evasion, and what is its function?
The sympathetic division of the nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for action or evasion. Its function is to mobilize the body's resources in response to stress or danger.
What is the division of the nervous system that controls the body's organs and glands, and what is its function?
The autonomic division of the nervous system controls the body's organs and glands. Its function is to regulate involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing.
What is the basic unit of the nervous system?
The basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron.
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of neurons and glia, the flow of neuronal information, neuronal circuits and circuit dynamics, divisions of the nervous system, and visualizing the structure and function of the brain. This quiz will help you understand the basic units of the nervous system and how information is transmitted between cells. Get ready to zoom in on the fascinating world of the human brain!
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