The Brain and Memory Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the memory code formed for interpretation during the encoding process based on appearance, sound, or meaning?

Memory

Retrieve

Encode (correct)

Store

What is the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information called?

Memory

What term describes the amount of information the brain can store in its memory?

Capacity

What type of memory store retains sight and sound stimuli for a fraction of a second?

Sensory memory Signup and view all the answers

What part of sensory memory retains auditory information?

Echoic memory Signup and view all the answers

What part of sensory memory retains visual information?

Iconic memory Signup and view all the answers

How long can short-term memory retain unrehearsed information?

10-20 seconds Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory store holds an unlimited amount of information for a long period of time?

Long-term memory Signup and view all the answers

What type of long-term memory is specific to facts and events?

Explicit memory Signup and view all the answers

What type of long-term memory is specific to procedures and conditioned responses?

Implicit memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the second step in the brain's memory process?

Store Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of memory stores?

Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the third step in the brain's memory process?

Retrieve Signup and view all the answers

Where does memory formation primarily occur in the brain?

Medial temporal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory depends on the similarity of the situation or environment during encoding and retrieval?

Context dependent memories Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory relies on the similarity of mood at encoding and retrieval?

Mood dependent memories Signup and view all the answers

What is the memory process of accessing information from the past called?

Retrieving Signup and view all the answers

Memory depends on the __________.

Activation of a person's neurons Signup and view all the answers

Who studied sensory memory and discovered that memory holds fleeting photographic images?

George Sperling Signup and view all the answers

What influences short-term memory capacity?

Ability to control focus of attention Signup and view all the answers

What is the title of George Miller's famous paper discussing memory limits?

The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two Signup and view all the answers

What is an alternative name for short-term memory proposed by Alan Baddeley?

Working memory Signup and view all the answers

How many components did Alan Baddeley propose short-term memory has?

Four Signup and view all the answers

An example of an echoic memory is __________.

A thunderclap during a thunderstorm Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory consists of memories of specific personal events?

Episodic memory Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory includes memories of general meanings and information?

Semantic memory Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Memory Concepts

Encode: Memory code developed during encoding, influenced by appearance, sound, and meaning.
Memory: Comprises the processes of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
Capacity: Refers to the volume of information the brain can store in memory.

Memory Types

Sensory Memory: Retains sight and sound stimuli for fractions of a second with a large capacity, divided into:
- Iconic Memory: Visual stimuli retention.
- Echoic Memory: Auditory information retention lasting 2-4 seconds.
Short-Term Memory: Holds unrehearsed information for 10-20 seconds, limited to 5-9 items, maintained through rehearsal.
Long-Term Memory: Unlimited storage for lengthy periods.

Long-Term Memory Types

Explicit Memory: Involves recall of facts and events.
Implicit Memory: Relates to procedural knowledge and conditioned responses.

Memory Processes

Storing: Second step in memory process, analogous to a computer hard drive.
Retrieving: Third stage where information is accessed, similar to opening a saved file.

Involves the Prefrontal Cortex, Parietal Lobe, and Hippocampus, part of the medial temporal lobe memory system for various memory types.

Memory Retrieval Influences

Context-Dependent Memories: Retrieval is aided when the environment during encoding mirrors that during recall (e.g., retracing steps).
Mood-Dependent Memories: Retrieval is enhanced when present mood matches mood at encoding (e.g., recalling arguments).

Research and Theories

George Sperling (1960): Studied sensory memory, revealing that the brain retains fleeting photographic images for about 0.5 seconds.
George Miller: Proposed the limit of memory items is seven (±2) in his 1956 paper "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two."
Alan Baddeley: Developed the working memory concept, encompassing four components:
- Central Executive
- Phonological Loop
- Visuospatial Sketchpad
- Episodic Buffer

Memory Components and Examples

Episodic Memory: Personal event memories (e.g., weddings).
Semantic Memory: General knowledge and meanings (e.g., continents).

Key Examples of Memory Types

An echoic memory example: Thunderclap during a thunderstorm.
Short-term memory capacity relates to attention control and is associated with reasoning, reading comprehension, and intelligence.

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Description

Explore key concepts related to brain function and memory through these flashcards. This quiz covers important terms such as encoding, memory processes, and types of memory storage, assisting in understanding how our brain manages information.