The Brain: Structure and Function
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Questions and Answers

What term refers to an increased sensitivity to sensory stimulation?

  • Hypoesthesia
  • Paresthesia
  • Hyperesthesia (correct)
  • Anesthesia

    • Anesthesia results in a total loss of sensation.

    True (A)

    What is the term for abnormal sensory experiences that might occur when nerves are damaged?

    Paresthesia

    ____ is the term for pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain.

    <p>Allodynia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the sensory conditions with their definitions:

    <p>Hyperesthesia = Increased sensitivity to stimuli Hypoesthesia = Reduced sensitivity to stimuli Anesthesia = Loss of sensation Allodynia = Pain from non-painful stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for visual processing?

    <p>Occipital lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frontal lobe is responsible for sensory information and language.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with damage to the temporal lobe?

    <p>Anterograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ controls vital functions such as heart rate and breathing.

    <p>brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain regions with their functions:

    <p>Frontal lobe = Higher mental functions and impulse control Cerebellum = Coordination and timing Occipital lobe = Visual processing Temporal lobe = Hearing and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of brain tissue surrounds the grey matter?

    <p>White matter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parietal lobe is involved in coordinating balance and motor control.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information does the parietal lobe primarily process?

    <p>Sensory information and visuospatial awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can turn temporary changes in the brain into permanent ones?

    <p>Repetition and intensity of activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sensory feedback is unnecessary for establishing synaptic communication.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two key components involved in skill acquisition and motor learning?

    <p>Practice and feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Denervation supersensitivity leads to the formation of more _______ to capture neurotransmitters.

    <p>receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurobiological concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Denervation Supersensitivity = Creation of more receptors on hyperactive neurons Conateral Sprouting = Neighboring axons innervate injured axons Silent Synapses = Unmasking inactive synapses Neural Regeneration = Regrowth of new axons in injured areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT a factor in enhancing motor learning?

    <p>Lack of motivation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motor behavior changes can occur without any form of feedback.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which new axons are formed after injury is known as _______.

    <p>neural regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method provides non-automatic drive and activates alternative motor circuits?

    <p>Weight Sh.ft method (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Visual feedback is not considered a method to enhance motor function.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using auditory stimuli in motor control?

    <p>To establish a rhythm for cadence and stride.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ classification of functioning focuses on health-related descriptions.

    <p>ICF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following feedback methods with their descriptions:

    <p>Auditory = Counting cadence and stride Visual = Flashlights to rhythm targets Tactile = Touch or guidance for movement Verbal = Prompts and reminders for movement planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which wearable device is used for electrical stimulation in enhancing motor function?

    <p>E-Stim (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tactile feedback is solely based on verbal instructions.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one advantage of using VR in motor skill training.

    <p>Creates realistic scenarios for practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of traumatic brain injury in adults and adolescents?

    <p>Falls (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A cerebral abscess is a type of traumatic brain injury caused by an external force.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state of consciousness affected by traumatic brain injury?

    <p>Diminished or altered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Traumatic brain injury can result from sudden ______ when the brain collides with the internal skull.

    <p>deceleration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of traumatic brain injury with its cause:

    <p>Cerebral abscess = Infection Skull fractures = External force Contusion = Direct impact Penetrating injury = Foreign object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a result of traumatic brain injury?

    <p>Improved motor skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High momentum impacts can lead to skull fracture injuries.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical term for injuries caused by an external force to the brain?

    <p>Traumatic brain injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injury is characterized by widespread axonal damage throughout the brain?

    <p>Diffuse axonal injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary ischemia can result from traumatic brain injury.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of infection in brain injuries related to open fractures?

    <p>Infection can occur from cerebrospinal fluid leaks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ is a type of intracranial hemorrhage that can occur in brain injury.

    <p>Subarachnoid hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their respective descriptions:

    <p>Contusion = Bruising of brain tissue Hypotension = Low blood pressure leading to inadequate blood flow Fat embolism = Fat globules entering the bloodstream after injury Venous congestion = Blood flow obstruction in the brain veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that can lead to secondary injury in the brain?

    <p>Severe headache (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential effects of brain swelling after an injury?

    <p>It can lead to increased intracranial pressure and further damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A cerebral contusion is a type of diffuse axonal injury.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Brain

    • The frontal lobe is responsible for social behavior, decision-making, emotions, and higher mental functions. Damage can lead to risk-taking/impulse issues, distraction, behavioral/emotional problems, and motor weakness.
    • The parietal lobe processes sensory information, visuospatial processing, language, and mathematical skills. Damage results in impaired imagery, neglect of the left side, difficulties with reading, writing, and math.
    • The occipital lobe houses the visual cortex. It receives visual information from the eyes and transmits it to the frontal lobe to help respond to what is seen. Damage causes hallucinations, homonymous hemianopias.
    • The temporal lobe is associated with hearing, speech comprehension, memory, and perception/recognition. Damage leads to anterograde amnesia.
    • The brain stem controls vital functions such as eye movement, hearing, speech, chewing, and swallowing.
    • The cerebellum is responsible for motor control, balance, coordination, precision, and timing.

    Grey vs White Matter

    • Grey matter contains neuron somas and is mostly inside the CNS, typically in layers of cortex (brain).
    • White matter contains myelinated axons and surrounds grey matter, like in the spinal cord.

    ANS vs SNS

    • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates internal organs (smooth and cardiac muscles).
    • The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is part of the ANS and promotes increased activity for "fight or flight" situations (exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment).
    • The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is part of the ANS and promotes "rest and digesting" activities.

    Neuron

    • Neurons are nerve cells, and each contains: dendrites to receive signals, a nucleus controlling the cell, a soma organizing function, axons as the pathway for signals, and axon terminals that form junctions with other cells.
    • Myelin sheaths speed up signal transmission, and nodes of Ranvier allow signal diffusion between them.
    • Sensory neurons receive information from the environment, while motor neurons send commands to effectors (muscles/glands).

    Motor Control

    • Reflex Theory: Stimulus-response to create actions and behaviors.
    • Hierarchical Theory: Cortical centers control top-down behavior in the nervous system.
    • Motor Program Theory: Preprogrammed motor patterns in response to task demands, adaptive/flexible movements.
    • Ecological Theory: Person/task/environment influences motor behavior and learning.
    • Motor Programs: Prefabricated sets of commands in the central nervous system.
    • Open Loop: Movement preprogrammed and executed without continuous sensory feedback.
    • Closed Loop: Movement preprogrammed and executed with sensory feedback.
    • Neurofacilitation: Therapeutic approach to facilitate normal movement patterns, inhibiting abnormal ones.

    Neuroplasticity

    • The brain's ability to modify itself in response to individual/task/environment influences, experiences, and injury.
    • Repetition and intensity promote neural changes.
    • Early intervention is crucial, as time is sensitive in this process.
    • Synaptic connections strengthened by frequent use, weakening through disuse.
    • Aerobic activity increases blood flow to the brain.
    • Motor learning involves practice, feedback, skill acquisition, leading to permanent changes.
    • Denervation supersensitivity increases receptor sensitivity.
    • Neural regeneration can regrow axons, re-establish synapses, or form new strategies to compensate for damage.
    • Cortical reorganization can involve more areas of the brain taking on lost functions.

    Rules

    • Use it or improve it.
    • Specificity matters.
    • Repetition matters.
    • Intensity matters.
    • Time matters.
    • Salience matters (importance).
    • Age matters.
    • Transference.
    • Interference.

    Altered Movement and Sensation

    • Volitional movement (intentional, purposeful actions) disruption can occur from neural impairment. Common causes include stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injury (TBI).
    • Sensation can be altered by heightening, reducing or eliminating sensory input; this also includes specific sensations like paresthesia, and allodynia.
    • Damage to sensory pathways (spinal cord, brainstem, peripheral nerves, or cortex) can create these altered sensations.

    Motor Control in Conditions

    • Various conditions like stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injury can impact motor control through differences in tone, rigidity, gait, postural instability, and freezing.

    Postural Control

    • Adaptation of posture for functional demands emphasizing balance, equilibrium, stability, and orientation (relationship between body and environment).

    Sensory Systems

    • Modalities: Visual, auditory, vestibular (balance), proprioceptive (body position awareness), somatosensory (touch, pressure, and temperature).
    • CNS damage can affect perception in these sensory modalities.

    Neural and Non-Neural Impairment

    • Neural impairments include CNS and PNS damage, impacting motor control and sensation.
    • Non-neural impairments include musculoskeletal (fractures, tendinopathies), cardiovascular/pulmonary (COPD, heart failure, PAD).
    • Other systemic impairments like diabetes, obesity, and cancer can also impact function.

    Other Specific Topics

    • Parkinson's : Progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.

    • Multiple Sclerosis : Progressive, degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system, characterized by demyelination of nerves.

    • Stroke : Cerebrovascular accident disrupting blood flow to the brain..

    • Traumatic Brain Injury : Injury resulting from head trauma categorized as acquired or traumatic.

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