The Antihistamines

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Which of the following is a normal protective response from the body to injury or invasion?

Inflammation (correct)

Hypersensitivity

Antihistamines

Local hormones

Which of the following is NOT an autocoid?

Histamine

Prostaglandins

Nitric oxide

Adrenaline (correct)

Where are local hormones produced?

In the bloodstream

Near the site of synthesis (correct)

Specific endocrine glands

In the immune system

What is the duration of action for local hormones?

Short-lived Signup and view all the answers

True or False: Local hormones are produced only in specific endocrine glands.

False Signup and view all the answers

What term describes undesirable reactions produced by the immune system, such as allergies?

Hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following local hormones is involved in the regulation of blood vessel constriction and dilation?

Nitric oxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of action for autocoids?

Tissues where they are formed Signup and view all the answers

Autocoids are metabolized locally and have a brief duration of action. What does this mean?

Autocoids are rapidly eliminated from the body. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of an autocoid?

Antihistamines Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the release of arachidonic acid in asthma?

Phospholipase A2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an inflammatory mediator released in asthma?

Serotonin (5-HT) Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT the role of leukotrienes in asthma?

Inhibit the release of arachidonic acid Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid?

Cyclooxygenase Signup and view all the answers

True or False: Bronchoconstrictors promote mucus secretion.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is involved in the synthesis of leukotrienes from arachidonic acid?

5-lipoxygenase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mediators is NOT involved in promoting bronchoconstriction in asthma?

Cyclooxygenase Signup and view all the answers

True or False: Inflammatory changes in asthma can lead to increased mucus secretion and recruitment of immune cells.

True Signup and view all the answers

Histamine is primarily synthesized and stored in which of the following cells?

Granules of mast cells and basophils Signup and view all the answers

Where is histamine synthesis highest in the body?

Lung, skin, and GI tract Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT involved in histamine synthesis?

Liver cells Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary roles of histamine in the body?

Initiating an inflammatory response Signup and view all the answers

True or False: Histamine is only released during allergic reactions.

False Signup and view all the answers

Histamine is responsible for the symptoms of which of the following conditions?

Asthma Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the gastric mucosa are responsible for synthesizing histamine?

Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells Signup and view all the answers

Which histamine receptor mediates gastric acid secretion?

H2 Signup and view all the answers

Which histamine receptor is primarily involved in inhibiting neurotransmitter release?

H3 Signup and view all the answers

Which histamine receptor is found in immune cells and suggests a role in inflammation and involved in histamine-induced chemotaxis??

H4 Signup and view all the answers

Which histamine receptor is the target of drugs used to treat heartburn?

H2 Signup and view all the answers

Which histamine receptor antagonist may be useful in the treatment of narcolepsy, ADHD, Alzheimer's, and schizophrenia?

H3 Signup and view all the answers

Which histamine receptor is primarily involved in mediating inflammatory and allergic reactions?

H1 Signup and view all the answers

Which histamine receptors are widely expressed and are the targets of many clinically relevant drugs?

H1 and H2 Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the side effects associated with H2 receptor antagonists, such as Cimetidine?

Diarrhea, constipation, drowsiness, and muscle aches Signup and view all the answers

Histamine binding to which receptor type in the lungs leads to bronchoconstriction and asthma-like symptoms?

H1 Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue exhibits erythema (red skin) due to increased blood flow resulting from histamine binding to H1 receptors?

Vascular smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

Histamine binding to H1 receptors in which tissue leads to the contraction and separation of endothelial cells, resulting in edema and wheal response?

Vascular endothelium Signup and view all the answers

Histamine binding to H1 receptors in peripheral nerves leads to the sensitization of afferent nerve terminals, resulting in which clinical manifestations?

Itch and pain Signup and view all the answers

Minor increases in heart rate and contractility can result from histamine binding to which receptor type in the heart?

H2 Signup and view all the answers

Increased gastric acid secretion is a result of histamine binding to which receptor type in the stomach?

H2 Signup and view all the answers

Histamine acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) by binding to which receptor types?

H1 and H3 Signup and view all the answers

Histamine binding to H4 receptors in white blood cells leads to which clinical manifestation?

Pro-inflammatory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a pathological process mediated by histamine H1 receptor activation?

Atopic dermatitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom caused by histamine H1 receptor activation in the lungs?

Bronchoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is caused by the production of IgE antibodies against innocuous environmental antigens?

Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction Signup and view all the answers

Stimulation of the H1 receptor leads to the release of which substances?

Inflammatory cytokines and eicosanoids Signup and view all the answers

H1 receptor activation mediates which immune and inflammatory pathological processes?

Atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis Signup and view all the answers

Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions are allergic reactions that result from the production of which antibodies?

IgE antibodies Signup and view all the answers

H1 receptor stimulation leads to the activation of which proinflammatory transcription factor?

NFKB Signup and view all the answers

Which severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction is mediated by H1 receptor activation?

Anaphylaxis Signup and view all the answers

The Antihistamines

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a normal protective response from the body to injury or invasion?

Which of the following is NOT an autocoid?

Where are local hormones produced?

What is the duration of action for local hormones?

True or False: Local hormones are produced only in specific endocrine glands.

What term describes undesirable reactions produced by the immune system, such as allergies?

Which of the following local hormones is involved in the regulation of blood vessel constriction and dilation?

What is the primary site of action for autocoids?

Autocoids are metabolized locally and have a brief duration of action. What does this mean?

Which of the following is NOT an example of an autocoid?

Which enzyme is responsible for the release of arachidonic acid in asthma?

Which of the following is NOT an inflammatory mediator released in asthma?

What is NOT the role of leukotrienes in asthma?

Which enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid?

True or False: Bronchoconstrictors promote mucus secretion.

Which enzyme is involved in the synthesis of leukotrienes from arachidonic acid?

Which of the following mediators is NOT involved in promoting bronchoconstriction in asthma?

True or False: Inflammatory changes in asthma can lead to increased mucus secretion and recruitment of immune cells.

Histamine is primarily synthesized and stored in which of the following cells?

Where is histamine synthesis highest in the body?

Which of the following is NOT involved in histamine synthesis?

What is one of the primary roles of histamine in the body?

True or False: Histamine is only released during allergic reactions.

Histamine is responsible for the symptoms of which of the following conditions?

Which cells in the gastric mucosa are responsible for synthesizing histamine?

Which histamine receptor mediates gastric acid secretion?

Which histamine receptor is primarily involved in inhibiting neurotransmitter release?

Which histamine receptor is found in immune cells and suggests a role in inflammation and involved in histamine-induced chemotaxis??

Which histamine receptor is the target of drugs used to treat heartburn?

Which histamine receptor antagonist may be useful in the treatment of narcolepsy, ADHD, Alzheimer's, and schizophrenia?

Which histamine receptor is primarily involved in mediating inflammatory and allergic reactions?

Which histamine receptors are widely expressed and are the targets of many clinically relevant drugs?

What are some of the side effects associated with H2 receptor antagonists, such as Cimetidine?

Histamine binding to which receptor type in the lungs leads to bronchoconstriction and asthma-like symptoms?

Which tissue exhibits erythema (red skin) due to increased blood flow resulting from histamine binding to H1 receptors?

Histamine binding to H1 receptors in which tissue leads to the contraction and separation of endothelial cells, resulting in edema and wheal response?

Histamine binding to H1 receptors in peripheral nerves leads to the sensitization of afferent nerve terminals, resulting in which clinical manifestations?

Minor increases in heart rate and contractility can result from histamine binding to which receptor type in the heart?

Increased gastric acid secretion is a result of histamine binding to which receptor type in the stomach?

Histamine acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) by binding to which receptor types?

Histamine binding to H4 receptors in white blood cells leads to which clinical manifestation?

Which of the following is a pathological process mediated by histamine H1 receptor activation?

Which of the following is a symptom caused by histamine H1 receptor activation in the lungs?

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is caused by the production of IgE antibodies against innocuous environmental antigens?

Stimulation of the H1 receptor leads to the release of which substances?

H1 receptor activation mediates which immune and inflammatory pathological processes?

Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions are allergic reactions that result from the production of which antibodies?

H1 receptor stimulation leads to the activation of which proinflammatory transcription factor?

Which severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction is mediated by H1 receptor activation?

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