The Antihistamines
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a normal protective response from the body to injury or invasion?

  • Inflammation (correct)
  • Hypersensitivity
  • Antihistamines
  • Local hormones

    • Which of the following is NOT an autocoid?

  • Histamine
  • Prostaglandins
  • Nitric oxide
  • Adrenaline (correct)

    • Where are local hormones produced?

  • In the bloodstream
  • Near the site of synthesis (correct)
  • Specific endocrine glands
  • In the immune system

    • What is the duration of action for local hormones?

    <p>Short-lived</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: Local hormones are produced only in specific endocrine glands.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes undesirable reactions produced by the immune system, such as allergies?

    <p>Hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following local hormones is involved in the regulation of blood vessel constriction and dilation?

    <p>Nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of action for autocoids?

    <p>Tissues where they are formed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autocoids are metabolized locally and have a brief duration of action. What does this mean?

    <p>Autocoids are rapidly eliminated from the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of an autocoid?

    <p>Antihistamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the release of arachidonic acid in asthma?

    <p>Phospholipase A2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an inflammatory mediator released in asthma?

    <p>Serotonin (5-HT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT the role of leukotrienes in asthma?

    <p>Inhibit the release of arachidonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid?

    <p>Cyclooxygenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: Bronchoconstrictors promote mucus secretion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is involved in the synthesis of leukotrienes from arachidonic acid?

    <p>5-lipoxygenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mediators is NOT involved in promoting bronchoconstriction in asthma?

    <p>Cyclooxygenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: Inflammatory changes in asthma can lead to increased mucus secretion and recruitment of immune cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Histamine is primarily synthesized and stored in which of the following cells?

    <p>Granules of mast cells and basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is histamine synthesis highest in the body?

    <p>Lung, skin, and GI tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT involved in histamine synthesis?

    <p>Liver cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary roles of histamine in the body?

    <p>Initiating an inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: Histamine is only released during allergic reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Histamine is responsible for the symptoms of which of the following conditions?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the gastric mucosa are responsible for synthesizing histamine?

    <p>Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which histamine receptor mediates gastric acid secretion?

    <p>H2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which histamine receptor is primarily involved in inhibiting neurotransmitter release?

    <p>H3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which histamine receptor is found in immune cells and suggests a role in inflammation and involved in histamine-induced chemotaxis??

    <p>H4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which histamine receptor is the target of drugs used to treat heartburn?

    <p>H2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which histamine receptor antagonist may be useful in the treatment of narcolepsy, ADHD, Alzheimer's, and schizophrenia?

    <p>H3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which histamine receptor is primarily involved in mediating inflammatory and allergic reactions?

    <p>H1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which histamine receptors are widely expressed and are the targets of many clinically relevant drugs?

    <p>H1 and H2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the side effects associated with H2 receptor antagonists, such as Cimetidine?

    <p>Diarrhea, constipation, drowsiness, and muscle aches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Histamine binding to which receptor type in the lungs leads to bronchoconstriction and asthma-like symptoms?

    <p>H1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue exhibits erythema (red skin) due to increased blood flow resulting from histamine binding to H1 receptors?

    <p>Vascular smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Histamine binding to H1 receptors in which tissue leads to the contraction and separation of endothelial cells, resulting in edema and wheal response?

    <p>Vascular endothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Histamine binding to H1 receptors in peripheral nerves leads to the sensitization of afferent nerve terminals, resulting in which clinical manifestations?

    <p>Itch and pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Minor increases in heart rate and contractility can result from histamine binding to which receptor type in the heart?

    <p>H2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased gastric acid secretion is a result of histamine binding to which receptor type in the stomach?

    <p>H2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Histamine acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) by binding to which receptor types?

    <p>H1 and H3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Histamine binding to H4 receptors in white blood cells leads to which clinical manifestation?

    <p>Pro-inflammatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a pathological process mediated by histamine H1 receptor activation?

    <p>Atopic dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom caused by histamine H1 receptor activation in the lungs?

    <p>Bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is caused by the production of IgE antibodies against innocuous environmental antigens?

    <p>Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stimulation of the H1 receptor leads to the release of which substances?

    <p>Inflammatory cytokines and eicosanoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    H1 receptor activation mediates which immune and inflammatory pathological processes?

    <p>Atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions are allergic reactions that result from the production of which antibodies?

    <p>IgE antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    H1 receptor stimulation leads to the activation of which proinflammatory transcription factor?

    <p>NFKB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction is mediated by H1 receptor activation?

    <p>Anaphylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

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