The Historical Roots of Anti-Semitism

Background to Anti-Semitism

• Anti-Semitism is hostility or prejudice against Jewish people, dating back to ancient times.
• In ancient empires of Babylon, Greece, and Rome, Jews were criticized and persecuted for maintaining their cultural identity.
• With the rise of Christianity, anti-Semitism spread throughout Europe, with early Christians accusing Jews of outlandish acts such as "blood libel".

Historical Events

• In the Middle Ages, Jewish people were denied citizenship and forced to live in ghettos.
• Anti-Jewish riots, called pogroms, swept the Russian Empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
• Anti-Semitic incidents have increased in parts of Europe, the Middle East, and North America in recent years.

Responses to Anti-Semitism

• Response 1: Separation from others, living in close-knit Jewish communities, similar to the Hasidic movement.
• Response 2: Assimilation into secular society, avoiding Jewish laws that make them different, similar to the Reform movement.
• Response 3: Keeping Jewish law and having both Jewish and secular education, while being part of secular society, similar to the neo-Orthodox movement.

Theodor Herzl

• Theodor Herzl was an assimilated Austrian Jew who initially believed that anti-Semitism could be overcome by assimilation.
• The Dreyfus affair changed his thinking, and he realized that Jews needed a country of their own for safety.
• Herzl's ideology was called political Zionism, believing that Jews require a land of their own.
• He wrote his ideas down and organized the first Zionist congress in Switzerland in 1897.

The Zionist Movement

• The first Zionist congress was attended by around 200 delegates from central and eastern Europe, Russia, and the United States.
• Herzl established a Zionist newspaper and negotiated with the Sultan of Turkey for permission to settle in Palestine.
• He also proposed Uganda as a country for the Jewish people, but it was rejected by the sixth Zionist congress.
• Herzl died of a heart ailment at the age of 44, but his remains were later moved to Jerusalem and buried on a hill now known as Mount Herzl.

Legacy

• Herzl is remembered today as Israel's founding father, despite not living to see the creation of the modern state of Israel.
• His image can be found on stamps and money in Israel.