The Afghans and the Moghuls: A Historical Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What action did Karrani take to maintain peace with Akbar?

He declared war on the Moghuls.

He allied with the Raja of Orissa.

He provided shelter to enemy forces.

He sent presentations to Akbar. (correct)

What was the main consequence of Daud declaring himself sultan of Bengal?

It started a struggle between the Afghans and the Moghuls. (correct)

It strengthened the Afghan alliance with the Moghuls.

It increased Daud's popularity among the people.

It led to Daud's immediate capture by the Moghuls.

What characterized Karrani's approach as a ruler?

His cautious diplomatic nature. (correct)

His aggressive military strategies.

His reluctance to engage in diplomacy.

His ambition to conquer northern territories.

How did Sulaiman Katra's reign end?

He ruled until his death in 1572. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the reasons Akbar did not act against Karrani after the conquest of Orissa?

Karrani showed allegiance to Akbar. Signup and view all the answers

Who was the Moghul general that was injured in the battle near Jaleswar?

Munim Khan Signup and view all the answers

What led to Daud fleeing to Orissa?

Akbar directly confronted him. Signup and view all the answers

What gift did Daud present to Munim Khan as part of the peace treaty?

Elephants Signup and view all the answers

What happened to Daud after the battle at Rajmahal?

He was captured and executed. Signup and view all the answers

What title was given to Khan-i-Jahan after Daud's defeat?

Subadar of Bengal Signup and view all the answers

Who succeeded Subadar Khan-i-Jahan after his death?

Muzaffar Khan Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant achievement of Munim Khan as Governor of Bengal?

Restored peace and order quickly. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the outcomes of the continuous fighting after Daud's death?

Masum Khan was appointed as the new governor. Signup and view all the answers

Who was appointed as the new Subahdar after Khan-i-Azam expressed his desire to be relieved from his duties?

Shahbaz Khan Signup and view all the answers

What happened after Qatlu Khan sent his nephew as a hostage?

He was allowed to rule over Orissa independently. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the treaty negotiated in 1590?

The Afghans recognized Akbar's suzerainty. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significant event that changed the course of battle between Raja Mansingh and the Afghans?

Qatlu Khan suddenly died. Signup and view all the answers

Where did Mansingh's son, Jagatsingh, face defeat?

Near Raipur of Bankura district. Signup and view all the answers

Who was the leader that rose in rebellion against Muzaffar Khan?

Masum Khan Signup and view all the answers

Which significant event occurred during the reign of Khan-i-Azam in 1582?

Introduction of the Bandobast by Todar Mal Signup and view all the answers

How was Orissa divided under the Bandobast of Todar Mal?

Five Sarkars Signup and view all the answers

What was the fate of the territories under the Mughal control in Orissa?

They were known as the Moghulbandi. Signup and view all the answers

Who was recognized as an independent ruler of Orissa in the Bandobast?

Ramachandradeva Signup and view all the answers

Which chief united the Afghans against the Mughals?

Qutlu Khan Lohani Signup and view all the answers

Who was defeated by the Mughal commander Shahbaz Khan in 1583?

Masum Khan Signup and view all the answers

What was the response of Emperor Akbar to the revolt of Qutlu Khan?

He sent his son Jagatsingh. Signup and view all the answers

What area did Orissa extend to under Akbar's administration?

Chilika Lake in the South Signup and view all the answers

What did the territories of Garhjats represent in Orissa?

Traditional feudatory regions Signup and view all the answers

Who was recognized as the ruler of the Khurda kingdom after the peace treaty?

Ramachandradeva Signup and view all the answers

What position did Ramachandradeva hold in relation to the temple of Jagannath?

Superintendent Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Raja Mansingh conquer Orissa from the Afghans?

1592 Signup and view all the answers

What was the fate of the first governor appointed after Orissa became a separate subah in 1607?

Assassinated in battle Signup and view all the answers

What significant event happened when Kesodas Maru invaded the temple of Jagannath?

The cars were burnt Signup and view all the answers

Whom did Ramachandradeva have to acknowledge in the peace treaty?

Akbar's suzerainty Signup and view all the answers

What was the response of the Raja of Khurda to the invasion of Kesodas Maru?

He made a counter-attack Signup and view all the answers

Which emperor succeeded Akbar after his death in 1605?

Jahangir Signup and view all the answers

Who succeeded Hasim Khan as the governor of Kashmir in 1611?

Raja Kalyan Mall Signup and view all the answers

What was the fate of the priests of Puri during Kalyan Mall's invasion?

They fled to the Chilika lake Signup and view all the answers

Which governor invaded Khurda and kept it under occupation for one year?

Makram Khan Signup and view all the answers

What did Raja Narasimhadeva do when Prince Shah Jahan rebelled?

Paid allegiance to Shah Jahan Signup and view all the answers

During whose regime was the war against the Sultan of Golkonda significant?

Bakhar Khan Nazam Sani Signup and view all the answers

What happened after Shah Jahan occupied Orissa?

He allowed the reinstallation of the image of Jagannath Signup and view all the answers

Which governor succeeded Makram Khan in Orissa?

Jalair Khan Signup and view all the answers

How long did Bakhar Khan serve as the Subahdar of Orissa under Jahangir?

From 1627 to 1632 Signup and view all the answers

Who invaded Orissa when the Sultan of Golkonda stopped the annual payment?

Mansur Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the methods used by Bakhar Khan to extract money from feudal chiefs?

Imprisoning and torturing them Signup and view all the answers

Which fort was built by Mansur during the invasion of Orissa?

Mansurgarh Signup and view all the answers

Who succeeded Bakhar Khan in ruling Orissa?

Mutaqud Khan Signup and view all the answers

What major event occurred in the Mughal Empire in 1658 affecting the governance of Orissa?

Shah Jahan's illness Signup and view all the answers

Who was the second son of Shah Jahan appointed as viceroy over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa?

Shah Shuja Signup and view all the answers

What was the reaction of Shah Jahan to Bakhar Khan's actions in Orissa?

He recalled Bakhar Khan from Orissa Signup and view all the answers

What caused Bakhar Khan to retreat during his invasion of Mansurgarh in 1629?

The rainy season approaching Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred on 18 March 1661 regarding Raja Mukundadeva?

He surrendered to Khan-i-Dauran Signup and view all the answers

Who succeeded Khan-i-Dauran as Subahdar of Orissa in 1667?

Tarbiyat Khan Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of appointing a Muhtasih in Orissa during Aurangzeb's reign?

To propagate Islam and suppress heretics Signup and view all the answers

Which temple survived the decrees issued by Aurangzeb during his reign?

Jagannath Temple Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first Muhtasih appointed in Orissa?

Sheikh Junaid Signup and view all the answers

What action did the Raja of Khorda take to protect the Jagannath Temple from Aurangzeb's forces?

He bribed the Subahdar Signup and view all the answers

What was one outcome of Aurangzeb's decree in 1660 regarding temples in Orissa?

Many Hindu temples were destroyed Signup and view all the answers

How long did Khan-i-Dauran serve as Subahdar of Orissa?

From 1661 to 1667 Signup and view all the answers

What prompted Khan-i-Dauran to travel to Medinipur?

To appoint a Faujdar Signup and view all the answers

Which Zamindar opposed Khan-i-Dauran and was executed?

Krishna Chandra Bhanja Signup and view all the answers

What was a direct consequence of Krishna Chandra Bhanja's death?

A power vacuum leading to chaos in Mayurbhanja Signup and view all the answers

How did Khan-i-Dauran deal with the rebellious Zamindars after his recovery?

He led a military campaign against them Signup and view all the answers

What strategy did Khan-i-Dauran use in his campaign against Khurda?

Bringing in Gajarati troops Signup and view all the answers

What led to the surrender of Raja Mukundadeva's army?

Fear of the Gajarati troops Signup and view all the answers

What title was given to the son of Jayachandra Bhanja after he was recognized as the Raja of Hariharpur?

Tikayet Signup and view all the answers

What event marked Khan-i-Dauran's return to Cuttack after dealing with the Zamindars?

He fell ill Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the significant actions taken by Sujauddin during his reign?

He built the Kadam Rasul mosque for communal prayer. Signup and view all the answers

How did Ramachandradeva II regain his position after being captured?

He was welcomed back by the people after returning with the image of Jagannath. Signup and view all the answers

What role did Taqi Khan play in relation to the Nizam's invasion of Orissa?

He failed to assist Ramachandradeva II during the invasion. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Ramachandradeva II's love affair as per the Madala Panji?

He married the Nawab's daughter and maintained his Hindu beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

What did Ramachandradeva II do to protect the cult of Jagannath?

He withdrew the image of Jagannath to secure his palladium. Signup and view all the answers

What significant ritual took place in 1733 regarding Jagannath?

The installation of new images of the deities. Signup and view all the answers

What led to Taqi Khan granting the title to Virakesarideva?

Ramachandradeva II's failure to maintain control. Signup and view all the answers

What motivated Taqi Khan's acceptance of Ramachandradeva II's return?

He wanted to collect pilgrim tax during the Car festival. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Struggle Between Afghans and Moghuls

Sulaiman Katra, the Karrani of Bengal, invaded Orissa in 1568, ousting Raja Mukundadeva.
Karrani appointed Khan Jahan Lodi as the governor of Cuttack but had to suppress a subsequent rebellion.
Karrani skillfully aligned with Emperor Akbar, avoiding conflict by not sheltering the Mughal enemy, Ali Quli Khan.
After Karrani's death in 1572, his son Bayazid briefly ruled, followed by his more ambitious brother Daud in 1573, leading to Afghan-Moghul tensions.
Akbar sent generals Munim Khan and Todar Mall to confront Daud, who fled after Moghul advances, including a significant battle near Jaleswar in 1575.
A peace treaty required Daud to cede Bengal to the Moghuls, while maintaining control over Orissa independently.

Battle of Mahal

After the death of Munim Khan in Bengal, Daud attempted a resurgence, prompting another confrontation.
A decisive battle occurred on July 12, 1576, at Rajmahal where Daud was captured and executed.
Khan-i-Jahan became the new Subadar of Bengal, establishing order and governance in the region post-Daud.

Ousting of the Afghans

Following Daud's death, fragmented Afghan resistance persisted.
Muzaffar Khan succeeded Khan-i-Jahan, but both governors faced rebellion until the appointment of Masum Khan.
Masum's insubordination led to further conflicts, including the rebellion against the Moghuls in Orissa.

New Revenue Administration

Khan-i-Azam introduced a new settlement system in 1582, redistributing Orissa into five Sarkars.
The administration maintained local chiefs, known as Garhjats, while Moghuls governed directly through Moghulbandi.
Recognized Ramachandradeva of Khurda as an independent ruler amidst power shifts after Mukundadeva's death.

Rise of Qutlu Khan

Qutlu Khan Lohani emerged as a unifying figure for Afghans, initially achieving victories against Moghuls and even invading Bengal.
His alliance with Masum Khan posed a significant threat, leading to military responses from Mughals, including a decisive defeat of Qutlu Khan in 1584.

Defeat of Jagatsingh

Akbar's forces, under his son Jagatsingh, aimed to subdue the Afghans who faced internal leadership crises following Qutlu Khan's death in 1590.
Jagatsingh's military campaigns reaffirmed Mughal dominance, leading to a treaty recognizing Ramachandradeva's authority over Khurda.

Transition to Mughal Rule

By 1592, Orissa was firmly integrated into the Mughal empire after Raja Mansingh's campaigns against remaining Afghan factions.
From 1607, Orissa functioned as a separate subah, facing governance challenges under various subahdars, including issues surrounding religious intolerance.

Decline Under Aurangzeb

The period under Aurangzeb was marked by religious oppression including temple demolitions and suppression of Hindu practices.
The administrative landscape was turbulent with frequent changes in leadership and increasing pressure from the central Mughal authority.### Historical Context of Jagannath Temple
Aurangzeb issued a decree in 1682 for the demolition of the Jagannath temple, influenced by local rulers and priests.
Raja Deryasimhades of Khorda negotiated to protect the temple, even arranging for a fake image of Jagannath to deceive Aurangzeb.
The temple remained intact until Aurangzeb's death in 1707, after which it was restored to its former glory.

Orissa under Nazim of Bengal

After Aurangzeb’s death, the Mughal Empire began a downward spiral.

Sujauddin, Nazim of Orissa (1727-1739)

Known for his philanthropy and liberal policies, Sujauddin fostered interfaith unity by building the Kadam Rasul mosque for both Hindus and Muslims.

Transition of Power

Following Murshid Quli Khan's death in 1727, Sujauddin became Nazim and appointed his illegitimate son, Taqi Khan, as the Naib of Orissa.
Territorial adjustments were made, merging some areas with Bengal and setting the Suvarnarekha River as Orissa's northern boundary.
Ganjam was invaded by the Nizam of Hyderabad, while Taqi Khan failed to assist the Raja of Khurda during this incursion.

Military Actions of Ramachandradeva II

Ramachandradeva II initiated campaigns to regain lost territories but fell victim to betrayal by Taqi Khan, who captured him.
During detainment in Cuttack, he married a Nawab's daughter and converted to Islam, though he kept his Hindu ties.
His sons rebelled, freeing Khurda. Despite being reinstated by Taqi Khan, he lost control over the temple of Jagannath.

Ramachandradeva II's Personal Struggles

Documented love affairs in the Madala Panji lack corroboration and suggest forced conversion rather than a genuine renouncement of Hinduism.
Retaining his Hindu identity, he discreetly took the Jagannath image with him to prevent Taqi Khan's influence over the temple.
He sought refuge at Bolgarh and the image was transported to Tikli amid unrest in Khurda.

Navakalevara Ritual and Ramachandradeva II's Restoration

The Navakalevara ritual for Jagannath in 1733 sought new deity images, contingent upon securing the "Brahma" from the old icons.
Ramachandradeva II returned with the Jagannath image, receiving a warm welcome and restoring his status.
Taqi Khan tacitly accepted this change as he aimed to collect pilgrimage taxes during the annual Car festival.
Sujauddin’s legacy continued through Murshid Quli Khan II, who was entrusted with governance post-Taqi Khan's death in 1735.

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Test your knowledge on the conflict between the Afghans and the Moghuls during the reign of Akbar. This quiz explores the events leading to the battle in Bengal and the strategies employed by Akbar's generals. Dive into the details of this fascinating historical period and see how well you understand the dynamics of Mughal expansion.