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What action did Karrani take to maintain peace with Akbar?
What action did Karrani take to maintain peace with Akbar?
What was the main consequence of Daud declaring himself sultan of Bengal?
What was the main consequence of Daud declaring himself sultan of Bengal?
What characterized Karrani's approach as a ruler?
What characterized Karrani's approach as a ruler?
How did Sulaiman Katra's reign end?
How did Sulaiman Katra's reign end?
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What was one of the reasons Akbar did not act against Karrani after the conquest of Orissa?
What was one of the reasons Akbar did not act against Karrani after the conquest of Orissa?
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Who was the Moghul general that was injured in the battle near Jaleswar?
Who was the Moghul general that was injured in the battle near Jaleswar?
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What led to Daud fleeing to Orissa?
What led to Daud fleeing to Orissa?
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What gift did Daud present to Munim Khan as part of the peace treaty?
What gift did Daud present to Munim Khan as part of the peace treaty?
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What happened to Daud after the battle at Rajmahal?
What happened to Daud after the battle at Rajmahal?
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What title was given to Khan-i-Jahan after Daud's defeat?
What title was given to Khan-i-Jahan after Daud's defeat?
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Who succeeded Subadar Khan-i-Jahan after his death?
Who succeeded Subadar Khan-i-Jahan after his death?
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What was a significant achievement of Munim Khan as Governor of Bengal?
What was a significant achievement of Munim Khan as Governor of Bengal?
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What was one of the outcomes of the continuous fighting after Daud's death?
What was one of the outcomes of the continuous fighting after Daud's death?
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Who was appointed as the new Subahdar after Khan-i-Azam expressed his desire to be relieved from his duties?
Who was appointed as the new Subahdar after Khan-i-Azam expressed his desire to be relieved from his duties?
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What happened after Qatlu Khan sent his nephew as a hostage?
What happened after Qatlu Khan sent his nephew as a hostage?
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What was the outcome of the treaty negotiated in 1590?
What was the outcome of the treaty negotiated in 1590?
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What was the significant event that changed the course of battle between Raja Mansingh and the Afghans?
What was the significant event that changed the course of battle between Raja Mansingh and the Afghans?
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Where did Mansingh's son, Jagatsingh, face defeat?
Where did Mansingh's son, Jagatsingh, face defeat?
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Who was the leader that rose in rebellion against Muzaffar Khan?
Who was the leader that rose in rebellion against Muzaffar Khan?
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Which significant event occurred during the reign of Khan-i-Azam in 1582?
Which significant event occurred during the reign of Khan-i-Azam in 1582?
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How was Orissa divided under the Bandobast of Todar Mal?
How was Orissa divided under the Bandobast of Todar Mal?
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What was the fate of the territories under the Mughal control in Orissa?
What was the fate of the territories under the Mughal control in Orissa?
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Who was recognized as an independent ruler of Orissa in the Bandobast?
Who was recognized as an independent ruler of Orissa in the Bandobast?
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Which chief united the Afghans against the Mughals?
Which chief united the Afghans against the Mughals?
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Who was defeated by the Mughal commander Shahbaz Khan in 1583?
Who was defeated by the Mughal commander Shahbaz Khan in 1583?
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What was the response of Emperor Akbar to the revolt of Qutlu Khan?
What was the response of Emperor Akbar to the revolt of Qutlu Khan?
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What area did Orissa extend to under Akbar's administration?
What area did Orissa extend to under Akbar's administration?
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What did the territories of Garhjats represent in Orissa?
What did the territories of Garhjats represent in Orissa?
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Who was recognized as the ruler of the Khurda kingdom after the peace treaty?
Who was recognized as the ruler of the Khurda kingdom after the peace treaty?
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What position did Ramachandradeva hold in relation to the temple of Jagannath?
What position did Ramachandradeva hold in relation to the temple of Jagannath?
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In what year did Raja Mansingh conquer Orissa from the Afghans?
In what year did Raja Mansingh conquer Orissa from the Afghans?
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What was the fate of the first governor appointed after Orissa became a separate subah in 1607?
What was the fate of the first governor appointed after Orissa became a separate subah in 1607?
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What significant event happened when Kesodas Maru invaded the temple of Jagannath?
What significant event happened when Kesodas Maru invaded the temple of Jagannath?
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Whom did Ramachandradeva have to acknowledge in the peace treaty?
Whom did Ramachandradeva have to acknowledge in the peace treaty?
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What was the response of the Raja of Khurda to the invasion of Kesodas Maru?
What was the response of the Raja of Khurda to the invasion of Kesodas Maru?
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Which emperor succeeded Akbar after his death in 1605?
Which emperor succeeded Akbar after his death in 1605?
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Who succeeded Hasim Khan as the governor of Kashmir in 1611?
Who succeeded Hasim Khan as the governor of Kashmir in 1611?
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What was the fate of the priests of Puri during Kalyan Mall's invasion?
What was the fate of the priests of Puri during Kalyan Mall's invasion?
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Which governor invaded Khurda and kept it under occupation for one year?
Which governor invaded Khurda and kept it under occupation for one year?
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What did Raja Narasimhadeva do when Prince Shah Jahan rebelled?
What did Raja Narasimhadeva do when Prince Shah Jahan rebelled?
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During whose regime was the war against the Sultan of Golkonda significant?
During whose regime was the war against the Sultan of Golkonda significant?
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What happened after Shah Jahan occupied Orissa?
What happened after Shah Jahan occupied Orissa?
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Which governor succeeded Makram Khan in Orissa?
Which governor succeeded Makram Khan in Orissa?
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How long did Bakhar Khan serve as the Subahdar of Orissa under Jahangir?
How long did Bakhar Khan serve as the Subahdar of Orissa under Jahangir?
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Who invaded Orissa when the Sultan of Golkonda stopped the annual payment?
Who invaded Orissa when the Sultan of Golkonda stopped the annual payment?
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What was one of the methods used by Bakhar Khan to extract money from feudal chiefs?
What was one of the methods used by Bakhar Khan to extract money from feudal chiefs?
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Which fort was built by Mansur during the invasion of Orissa?
Which fort was built by Mansur during the invasion of Orissa?
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Who succeeded Bakhar Khan in ruling Orissa?
Who succeeded Bakhar Khan in ruling Orissa?
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What major event occurred in the Mughal Empire in 1658 affecting the governance of Orissa?
What major event occurred in the Mughal Empire in 1658 affecting the governance of Orissa?
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Who was the second son of Shah Jahan appointed as viceroy over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa?
Who was the second son of Shah Jahan appointed as viceroy over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa?
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What was the reaction of Shah Jahan to Bakhar Khan's actions in Orissa?
What was the reaction of Shah Jahan to Bakhar Khan's actions in Orissa?
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What caused Bakhar Khan to retreat during his invasion of Mansurgarh in 1629?
What caused Bakhar Khan to retreat during his invasion of Mansurgarh in 1629?
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What significant event occurred on 18 March 1661 regarding Raja Mukundadeva?
What significant event occurred on 18 March 1661 regarding Raja Mukundadeva?
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Who succeeded Khan-i-Dauran as Subahdar of Orissa in 1667?
Who succeeded Khan-i-Dauran as Subahdar of Orissa in 1667?
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What was the purpose of appointing a Muhtasih in Orissa during Aurangzeb's reign?
What was the purpose of appointing a Muhtasih in Orissa during Aurangzeb's reign?
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Which temple survived the decrees issued by Aurangzeb during his reign?
Which temple survived the decrees issued by Aurangzeb during his reign?
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Who was the first Muhtasih appointed in Orissa?
Who was the first Muhtasih appointed in Orissa?
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What action did the Raja of Khorda take to protect the Jagannath Temple from Aurangzeb's forces?
What action did the Raja of Khorda take to protect the Jagannath Temple from Aurangzeb's forces?
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What was one outcome of Aurangzeb's decree in 1660 regarding temples in Orissa?
What was one outcome of Aurangzeb's decree in 1660 regarding temples in Orissa?
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How long did Khan-i-Dauran serve as Subahdar of Orissa?
How long did Khan-i-Dauran serve as Subahdar of Orissa?
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What prompted Khan-i-Dauran to travel to Medinipur?
What prompted Khan-i-Dauran to travel to Medinipur?
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Which Zamindar opposed Khan-i-Dauran and was executed?
Which Zamindar opposed Khan-i-Dauran and was executed?
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What was a direct consequence of Krishna Chandra Bhanja's death?
What was a direct consequence of Krishna Chandra Bhanja's death?
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How did Khan-i-Dauran deal with the rebellious Zamindars after his recovery?
How did Khan-i-Dauran deal with the rebellious Zamindars after his recovery?
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What strategy did Khan-i-Dauran use in his campaign against Khurda?
What strategy did Khan-i-Dauran use in his campaign against Khurda?
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What led to the surrender of Raja Mukundadeva's army?
What led to the surrender of Raja Mukundadeva's army?
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What title was given to the son of Jayachandra Bhanja after he was recognized as the Raja of Hariharpur?
What title was given to the son of Jayachandra Bhanja after he was recognized as the Raja of Hariharpur?
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What event marked Khan-i-Dauran's return to Cuttack after dealing with the Zamindars?
What event marked Khan-i-Dauran's return to Cuttack after dealing with the Zamindars?
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What was one of the significant actions taken by Sujauddin during his reign?
What was one of the significant actions taken by Sujauddin during his reign?
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How did Ramachandradeva II regain his position after being captured?
How did Ramachandradeva II regain his position after being captured?
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What role did Taqi Khan play in relation to the Nizam's invasion of Orissa?
What role did Taqi Khan play in relation to the Nizam's invasion of Orissa?
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What was the outcome of Ramachandradeva II's love affair as per the Madala Panji?
What was the outcome of Ramachandradeva II's love affair as per the Madala Panji?
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What did Ramachandradeva II do to protect the cult of Jagannath?
What did Ramachandradeva II do to protect the cult of Jagannath?
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What significant ritual took place in 1733 regarding Jagannath?
What significant ritual took place in 1733 regarding Jagannath?
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What led to Taqi Khan granting the title to Virakesarideva?
What led to Taqi Khan granting the title to Virakesarideva?
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What motivated Taqi Khan's acceptance of Ramachandradeva II's return?
What motivated Taqi Khan's acceptance of Ramachandradeva II's return?
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Study Notes
Struggle Between Afghans and Moghuls
- Sulaiman Katra, the Karrani of Bengal, invaded Orissa in 1568, ousting Raja Mukundadeva.
- Karrani appointed Khan Jahan Lodi as the governor of Cuttack but had to suppress a subsequent rebellion.
- Karrani skillfully aligned with Emperor Akbar, avoiding conflict by not sheltering the Mughal enemy, Ali Quli Khan.
- After Karrani's death in 1572, his son Bayazid briefly ruled, followed by his more ambitious brother Daud in 1573, leading to Afghan-Moghul tensions.
- Akbar sent generals Munim Khan and Todar Mall to confront Daud, who fled after Moghul advances, including a significant battle near Jaleswar in 1575.
- A peace treaty required Daud to cede Bengal to the Moghuls, while maintaining control over Orissa independently.
Battle of Mahal
- After the death of Munim Khan in Bengal, Daud attempted a resurgence, prompting another confrontation.
- A decisive battle occurred on July 12, 1576, at Rajmahal where Daud was captured and executed.
- Khan-i-Jahan became the new Subadar of Bengal, establishing order and governance in the region post-Daud.
Ousting of the Afghans
- Following Daud's death, fragmented Afghan resistance persisted.
- Muzaffar Khan succeeded Khan-i-Jahan, but both governors faced rebellion until the appointment of Masum Khan.
- Masum's insubordination led to further conflicts, including the rebellion against the Moghuls in Orissa.
New Revenue Administration
- Khan-i-Azam introduced a new settlement system in 1582, redistributing Orissa into five Sarkars.
- The administration maintained local chiefs, known as Garhjats, while Moghuls governed directly through Moghulbandi.
- Recognized Ramachandradeva of Khurda as an independent ruler amidst power shifts after Mukundadeva's death.
Rise of Qutlu Khan
- Qutlu Khan Lohani emerged as a unifying figure for Afghans, initially achieving victories against Moghuls and even invading Bengal.
- His alliance with Masum Khan posed a significant threat, leading to military responses from Mughals, including a decisive defeat of Qutlu Khan in 1584.
Defeat of Jagatsingh
- Akbar's forces, under his son Jagatsingh, aimed to subdue the Afghans who faced internal leadership crises following Qutlu Khan's death in 1590.
- Jagatsingh's military campaigns reaffirmed Mughal dominance, leading to a treaty recognizing Ramachandradeva's authority over Khurda.
Transition to Mughal Rule
- By 1592, Orissa was firmly integrated into the Mughal empire after Raja Mansingh's campaigns against remaining Afghan factions.
- From 1607, Orissa functioned as a separate subah, facing governance challenges under various subahdars, including issues surrounding religious intolerance.
Decline Under Aurangzeb
- The period under Aurangzeb was marked by religious oppression including temple demolitions and suppression of Hindu practices.
- The administrative landscape was turbulent with frequent changes in leadership and increasing pressure from the central Mughal authority.### Historical Context of Jagannath Temple
- Aurangzeb issued a decree in 1682 for the demolition of the Jagannath temple, influenced by local rulers and priests.
- Raja Deryasimhades of Khorda negotiated to protect the temple, even arranging for a fake image of Jagannath to deceive Aurangzeb.
- The temple remained intact until Aurangzeb's death in 1707, after which it was restored to its former glory.
Orissa under Nazim of Bengal
- After Aurangzeb’s death, the Mughal Empire began a downward spiral.
Sujauddin, Nazim of Orissa (1727-1739)
- Known for his philanthropy and liberal policies, Sujauddin fostered interfaith unity by building the Kadam Rasul mosque for both Hindus and Muslims.
Transition of Power
- Following Murshid Quli Khan's death in 1727, Sujauddin became Nazim and appointed his illegitimate son, Taqi Khan, as the Naib of Orissa.
- Territorial adjustments were made, merging some areas with Bengal and setting the Suvarnarekha River as Orissa's northern boundary.
- Ganjam was invaded by the Nizam of Hyderabad, while Taqi Khan failed to assist the Raja of Khurda during this incursion.
Military Actions of Ramachandradeva II
- Ramachandradeva II initiated campaigns to regain lost territories but fell victim to betrayal by Taqi Khan, who captured him.
- During detainment in Cuttack, he married a Nawab's daughter and converted to Islam, though he kept his Hindu ties.
- His sons rebelled, freeing Khurda. Despite being reinstated by Taqi Khan, he lost control over the temple of Jagannath.
Ramachandradeva II's Personal Struggles
- Documented love affairs in the Madala Panji lack corroboration and suggest forced conversion rather than a genuine renouncement of Hinduism.
- Retaining his Hindu identity, he discreetly took the Jagannath image with him to prevent Taqi Khan's influence over the temple.
- He sought refuge at Bolgarh and the image was transported to Tikli amid unrest in Khurda.
Navakalevara Ritual and Ramachandradeva II's Restoration
- The Navakalevara ritual for Jagannath in 1733 sought new deity images, contingent upon securing the "Brahma" from the old icons.
- Ramachandradeva II returned with the Jagannath image, receiving a warm welcome and restoring his status.
- Taqi Khan tacitly accepted this change as he aimed to collect pilgrimage taxes during the annual Car festival.
- Sujauddin’s legacy continued through Murshid Quli Khan II, who was entrusted with governance post-Taqi Khan's death in 1735.
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Test your knowledge on the conflict between the Afghans and the Moghuls during the reign of Akbar. This quiz explores the events leading to the battle in Bengal and the strategies employed by Akbar's generals. Dive into the details of this fascinating historical period and see how well you understand the dynamics of Mughal expansion.