Tetanus and Botulism Toxins
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the smallest bacteria?

  • Thiomargarita namibiensis
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Escherichia coli
  • Chlamydia (correct)

    • What is the world's largest bacteria?

  • Escherichia coli
  • Chlamydia
  • Thiomargarita namibiensis (correct)
  • Staphylococcus aureus

    • How can bacteria be classified?

  • By their sound
  • By their color
  • By their genotype (correct)
  • By their size

    • Which of the following is a common fermentation product?

    <p>Carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria can survive in the presence or absence of oxygen?

    <p>Facultative anaerobes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to understand the metabolism of bacteria?

    <p>To control bacterial metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria do not have peptidoglycan?

    <p>Mycoplasma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process of genetic exchange between bacteria requires cell-to-cell contact?

    <p>Conjugation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme dissolves collagen, a component of muscular tissue?

    <p>Collagenase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria produce an alginate mucous layer that allows adherence to the cell surface, particularly in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis or other respiratory diseases?

    <p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial enzyme is responsible for degrading lipids and lecithin, facilitating tissue destruction?

    <p>Phospholipase C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial toxin is responsible for causing damage to all cells by inhibiting proteic synthesis?

    <p>Pantropic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial toxin binds to ganglioside receptor GM1 on cell membrane and causes the secretion of sodium, chlore, potassium, bicarbonate and water, outside from cell, in the intestine?

    <p>Vibrio cholerae toxin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species produces esotoxin A-B that binds to heparin on a similar epidermic growth factor particularly on heart and nervous cells’ surface?

    <p>Corynebacterium diphtheriae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which staining technique can be used to stain Mycobacterium?

    <p>Ziehl-Neelsen staining (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the peptidoglycan chain is responsible for linking mycolic acids to arabinogalactans in Mycobacterium?

    <p>Bactoprenol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of waxes in the cell wall of Mycobacterium?

    <p>To protect against drying and disinfectants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do transglycosidase and transpeptidase enzymes contribute to the formation of the peptidoglycan wall?

    <p>They catalyze the formation of glycosidic bonds between peptidoglycan monomers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria has a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and contains teichoic acids?

    <p>Gram-positive bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria has a periplasmic space containing enzymes such as beta-lactamase that can disrupt antibiotics?

    <p>Gram-negative bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mesosome in bacteria?

    <p>Anchorage and duplication of bacterial DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Lipid A in gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>It is the toxic part of LPS and interacts with CD14 receptors on macrophages and lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitters are blocked by the toxin that causes spastic paralysis?

    <p>GABA and glycine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the pentose phosphate pathway?

    <p>To generate NADPH and pentoses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria use the Entner-Doudoroff pathway instead of classic glycolysis?

    <p>Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, and some other Gram-negative genera (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between endotoxins and exotoxins?

    <p>Endotoxins are thermolabile and less potent, while exotoxins are thermostable and extremely potent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the world's largest bacteria?

    <p>Thiomargarita namibiensis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

    <p>Spherical (cocci) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which growth media can be used to distinguish E. coli from Salmonella?

    <p>MacConkey agar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common fermentation product?

    <p>Lactic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria grow in the presence of oxygen and use oxidative phosphorylation for energy production?

    <p>Obligate aerobes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to understand the metabolism of bacteria?

    <p>To know how to prolong shelf-life of food products (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial enzyme is responsible for neutralizing gastric acids?

    <p>Urease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacterial toxin is active on all cells and inhibits proteic synthesis?

    <p>Pantropic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial toxin is made of two subunits (A and B) and causes the secretion of sodium, chlore, potassium, bicarbonate and water, outside from cell, in the intestine?

    <p>Choleric toxin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species produces an esoenzyme that degrades lipids and lecithin, facilitating tissue destruction?

    <p>P. aeruginosa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>Teichoic acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria has a periplasmic space containing enzymes such as beta-lactamase that can disrupt antibiotics?

    <p>Gram-negative bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the LPS in gram-negative bacteria is toxic?

    <p>Lipid A (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the mesosome in bacteria?

    <p>Site for the anchorage and duplication of the bacterial DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria have a capsule composed of polysaccharides?

    <p>Many bacteria both gram-positive and gram-negative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process of genetic exchange between bacteria involves the transfer of genes from one cell to another via a phage vector without cell-to-cell contact?

    <p>Transduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary staining agent used in Gram staining?

    <p>Crystal violet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial enzyme dissolves hyaluronic acid, a fundamental substance of the connective tissue?

    <p>Hyaluronidase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mycolic acids in the cell wall of Mycobacterium?

    <p>They protect the bacteria from disinfectants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria produce an alginate mucous layer that allows adherence to heart valves or catheters?

    <p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of autolysins in peptidoglycan synthesis?

    <p>They break the glycosidic bonds between peptidoglycan monomers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target of penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics in bacteria?

    <p>Peptidoglycan-binding proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial toxin causes flaccid paralysis by blocking the release of acetylcholine?

    <p>Botulinum toxin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic pathway generates NADPH and pentoses, and is primarily anabolic rather than catabolic?

    <p>Pentose phosphate pathway (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria use the Entner-Doudoroff pathway instead of classic glycolysis?

    <p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process of ATP production by cells involves the complete oxidation of organic compounds using oxygen?

    <p>Aerobic respiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the largest bacteria in the world?

    <p>Thiomargarita namibiensis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way to distinguish between different types of bacteria?

    <p>Their growth characteristics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria is characterized by a cylindrical/rod-shaped (bacilli) shape?

    <p>Escherichia coli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of obligate anaerobes?

    <p>They lack certain enzymes like superoxide dismutase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common substrate of fermentation?

    <p>Sugars (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to know the metabolism of bacteria?

    <p>To prevent bacterial growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species produces an esoenzyme that neutralizes gastric acids?

    <p>H. pylori (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacterial toxin is active on nervous system cells?

    <p>Neurotropic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species produces an esotoxin that blocks host cell proteic synthesis by catalyzing diphosphate-ribosylated elongation factor 2?

    <p>C. diphtheriae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacterial toxin is made of two subunits, with subunit A activating the adenylate cyclase and causing the secretion of sodium, chlore, potassium, bicarbonate and water in the intestine?

    <p>Enterotoxic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a unique feature of the cell membrane in bacteria?

    <p>Contains terpenoids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>Their cell wall contains teichoic acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes found in the periplasmic space of gram-negative bacteria can make the bacteria resistant to antibiotics?

    <p>Beta-lactamase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a virulence factor unique to gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Lipid A (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria can transfer genes from one cell to another via a phage vector without cell-to-cell contact?

    <p>Gram-positive bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from the environment?

    <p>Transformation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species produces an esoenzyme that dissolves collagen, a component of muscular tissue?

    <p>Clostridium perfringens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species has an adhesion ability given by protein F and lipotheic acid on fimbriae, and occurs at the level of certain receptors host cell, fibronectin, widely spread in our organism?

    <p>Streptococcus pyogenes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary staining used in Gram staining?

    <p>Crystal violet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mycolic acids in Mycobacterium?

    <p>To protect mycobacteria from drying and disinfectants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of autolysins in peptidoglycan synthesis?

    <p>To break the glycosidic bonds between the peptidoglycan monomers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial enzymes are known as penicillin-binding proteins (PBP)?

    <p>Transglycosidase enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between endotoxins and exotoxins?

    <p>Endotoxins are thermolabile and immunogenic, while exotoxins are thermostable and antibodies cannot neutralize them. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic pathway generates NADPH and pentoses, and is primarily anabolic rather than catabolic?

    <p>Pentose phosphate pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to produce ATP, while anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen to produce ATP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria use the Entner-Doudoroff pathway instead of classic glycolysis?

    <p>Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, and a few other Gram-negative genera (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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