78 Questions
Which of the following is the smallest bacteria?
Chlamydia
What is the world's largest bacteria?
Thiomargarita namibiensis
How can bacteria be classified?
By their genotype
Which of the following is a common fermentation product?
Carbon dioxide
Which type of bacteria can survive in the presence or absence of oxygen?
Facultative anaerobes
Why is it important to understand the metabolism of bacteria?
To control bacterial metabolism
Which of the following bacteria do not have peptidoglycan?
Mycoplasma
Which process of genetic exchange between bacteria requires cell-to-cell contact?
Conjugation
Which enzyme dissolves collagen, a component of muscular tissue?
Collagenase
Which bacteria produce an alginate mucous layer that allows adherence to the cell surface, particularly in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis or other respiratory diseases?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Which bacterial enzyme is responsible for degrading lipids and lecithin, facilitating tissue destruction?
Phospholipase C
Which bacterial toxin is responsible for causing damage to all cells by inhibiting proteic synthesis?
Pantropic
Which bacterial toxin binds to ganglioside receptor GM1 on cell membrane and causes the secretion of sodium, chlore, potassium, bicarbonate and water, outside from cell, in the intestine?
Vibrio cholerae toxin
Which bacterial species produces esotoxin A-B that binds to heparin on a similar epidermic growth factor particularly on heart and nervous cells’ surface?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Which staining technique can be used to stain Mycobacterium?
Ziehl-Neelsen staining
Which component of the peptidoglycan chain is responsible for linking mycolic acids to arabinogalactans in Mycobacterium?
Bactoprenol
What is the function of waxes in the cell wall of Mycobacterium?
To protect against drying and disinfectants
How do transglycosidase and transpeptidase enzymes contribute to the formation of the peptidoglycan wall?
They catalyze the formation of glycosidic bonds between peptidoglycan monomers
Which type of bacteria has a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and contains teichoic acids?
Gram-positive bacteria
Which type of bacteria has a periplasmic space containing enzymes such as beta-lactamase that can disrupt antibiotics?
Gram-negative bacteria
What is the function of the mesosome in bacteria?
Anchorage and duplication of bacterial DNA
What is the function of Lipid A in gram-negative bacteria?
It is the toxic part of LPS and interacts with CD14 receptors on macrophages and lymphocytes
Which neurotransmitters are blocked by the toxin that causes spastic paralysis?
GABA and glycine
What is the primary role of the pentose phosphate pathway?
To generate NADPH and pentoses
Which bacteria use the Entner-Doudoroff pathway instead of classic glycolysis?
Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, and some other Gram-negative genera
What is the difference between endotoxins and exotoxins?
Endotoxins are thermolabile and less potent, while exotoxins are thermostable and extremely potent
Which of the following is the world's largest bacteria?
Thiomargarita namibiensis
What is the shape of Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Spherical (cocci)
Which growth media can be used to distinguish E. coli from Salmonella?
MacConkey agar
Which of the following is a common fermentation product?
Lactic acid
Which type of bacteria grow in the presence of oxygen and use oxidative phosphorylation for energy production?
Obligate aerobes
Why is it important to understand the metabolism of bacteria?
To know how to prolong shelf-life of food products
Which bacterial enzyme is responsible for neutralizing gastric acids?
Urease
Which type of bacterial toxin is active on all cells and inhibits proteic synthesis?
Pantropic
Which bacterial toxin is made of two subunits (A and B) and causes the secretion of sodium, chlore, potassium, bicarbonate and water, outside from cell, in the intestine?
Choleric toxin
Which bacterial species produces an esoenzyme that degrades lipids and lecithin, facilitating tissue destruction?
P. aeruginosa
Which of the following is a component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria?
Teichoic acids
Which type of bacteria has a periplasmic space containing enzymes such as beta-lactamase that can disrupt antibiotics?
Gram-negative bacteria
Which part of the LPS in gram-negative bacteria is toxic?
Lipid A
Which of the following is a function of the mesosome in bacteria?
Site for the anchorage and duplication of the bacterial DNA
Which of the following bacteria have a capsule composed of polysaccharides?
Many bacteria both gram-positive and gram-negative
Which process of genetic exchange between bacteria involves the transfer of genes from one cell to another via a phage vector without cell-to-cell contact?
Transduction
What is the primary staining agent used in Gram staining?
Crystal violet
Which bacterial enzyme dissolves hyaluronic acid, a fundamental substance of the connective tissue?
Hyaluronidase
What is the function of mycolic acids in the cell wall of Mycobacterium?
They protect the bacteria from disinfectants
Which bacteria produce an alginate mucous layer that allows adherence to heart valves or catheters?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What is the role of autolysins in peptidoglycan synthesis?
They break the glycosidic bonds between peptidoglycan monomers
What is the target of penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics in bacteria?
Peptidoglycan-binding proteins
Which bacterial toxin causes flaccid paralysis by blocking the release of acetylcholine?
Botulinum toxin
Which metabolic pathway generates NADPH and pentoses, and is primarily anabolic rather than catabolic?
Pentose phosphate pathway
Which bacteria use the Entner-Doudoroff pathway instead of classic glycolysis?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Which process of ATP production by cells involves the complete oxidation of organic compounds using oxygen?
Aerobic respiration
Which of the following is the largest bacteria in the world?
Thiomargarita namibiensis
What is the primary way to distinguish between different types of bacteria?
Their growth characteristics
Which type of bacteria is characterized by a cylindrical/rod-shaped (bacilli) shape?
Escherichia coli
Which of the following is a characteristic of obligate anaerobes?
They lack certain enzymes like superoxide dismutase
What is the most common substrate of fermentation?
Sugars
Why is it important to know the metabolism of bacteria?
To prevent bacterial growth
Which bacterial species produces an esoenzyme that neutralizes gastric acids?
H. pylori
Which type of bacterial toxin is active on nervous system cells?
Neurotropic
Which bacterial species produces an esotoxin that blocks host cell proteic synthesis by catalyzing diphosphate-ribosylated elongation factor 2?
C. diphtheriae
Which type of bacterial toxin is made of two subunits, with subunit A activating the adenylate cyclase and causing the secretion of sodium, chlore, potassium, bicarbonate and water in the intestine?
Enterotoxic
Which of the following is a unique feature of the cell membrane in bacteria?
Contains terpenoids
Which of the following is a characteristic of gram-positive bacteria?
Their cell wall contains teichoic acids
Which of the following enzymes found in the periplasmic space of gram-negative bacteria can make the bacteria resistant to antibiotics?
Beta-lactamase
Which of the following is a virulence factor unique to gram-negative bacteria?
Lipid A
Which type of bacteria can transfer genes from one cell to another via a phage vector without cell-to-cell contact?
Gram-positive bacteria
What is the process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from the environment?
Transformation
Which bacterial species produces an esoenzyme that dissolves collagen, a component of muscular tissue?
Clostridium perfringens
Which bacterial species has an adhesion ability given by protein F and lipotheic acid on fimbriae, and occurs at the level of certain receptors host cell, fibronectin, widely spread in our organism?
Streptococcus pyogenes
What is the primary staining used in Gram staining?
Crystal violet
What is the function of mycolic acids in Mycobacterium?
To protect mycobacteria from drying and disinfectants
What is the role of autolysins in peptidoglycan synthesis?
To break the glycosidic bonds between the peptidoglycan monomers
Which bacterial enzymes are known as penicillin-binding proteins (PBP)?
Transglycosidase enzymes
What is the primary difference between endotoxins and exotoxins?
Endotoxins are thermolabile and immunogenic, while exotoxins are thermostable and antibodies cannot neutralize them.
Which metabolic pathway generates NADPH and pentoses, and is primarily anabolic rather than catabolic?
Pentose phosphate pathway
What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to produce ATP, while anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen to produce ATP.
Which bacteria use the Entner-Doudoroff pathway instead of classic glycolysis?
Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, and a few other Gram-negative genera
Test your knowledge on Tetanus and Botulism toxins and their effects on the nervous system. Learn about the mechanisms behind spastic paralysis and the movement of toxins from peripheral to central nervous system. Keywords: Tetanus toxin, Botulism toxin, GABA, glycine, spastic paralysis, central nervous system.
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