60 Questions
Which of the following is true about Eliza?
Eliza is an enzyme linked Immunosorbent assay
What is the purpose of immunoassays?
To detect and quantify analytes
What is the specific combination utilized in immunoassays?
Antigen and antibody
What is the term used for the action of antibody clumping together?
Agglutination
Which antibody is used as the primary antibody in this experiment?
Anti-human IGA
What is the purpose of the secondary antibody in this experiment?
To amplify the signal of the primary antibody
What instrument is used to measure the level of color in each well?
Spectrophotometer
What is the purpose of the calibration curve in this experiment?
To establish the correlation between color and concentration
What is the purpose of the X line in a lateral flow test for pregnancy?
To indicate a positive result
What is the sensitivity of the lateral flow test for COVID when performed by trained lab scientists?
79.2%
What kind of result do we call it if the test fails to detect a positive result when the individual is actually positive?
False negative
What do the two lines in a lateral flow test represent?
Positive control and sample antigen
Which of the following is the purpose of blocking with milk in the assay?
To minimize the background noise in the assay
What is the purpose of adding a calibration curve in the assay?
To quantify the amount of antibody
What is the role of the secondary antibody conjugated to an enzyme in the assay?
To generate a measurable signal
What is the purpose of washing during the assay steps?
To remove non-specifically bound substances
What is the purpose of the indirect Eliza format?
To capture and quantify the level of antibodies
What is the basis of the sandwich format in Eliza?
The presence of two layers of antibody
When would a competitive Eliza format be utilized?
When detecting hormones
What is the purpose of a lateral flow immunoassay?
To detect the level of antigens in a patient's plasma
What is the purpose of the enzyme in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)?
To catalyze the reaction and produce a colored product
What is the first step in performing an indirect ELISA?
Coating the plate with a protein
What is the purpose of the secondary antibody in an indirect ELISA?
To make the antibody visible and detectable
What is the main function of the ELISA assay analyser?
To measure the level of color in the reaction
Which of the following best describes the purpose of setting up triplicate samples in this experiment?
To assess the accuracy of the conditions
What does the term 'background' refer to in this experiment?
The samples without any antibody
What is the purpose of the calibration curve in this experiment?
To measure the level of absorbance
What is the unit used to measure the antibody concentration in this experiment?
L
Why are triplicate samples used for the patient samples in this experiment?
To create a calibration curve
What is the purpose of calculating the standard deviation in this experiment?
To assess the accuracy of the conditions
Which of the following is true about live-attenuated vaccines?
They can cause wild-type infection
What is the primary infection caused by Varicella-Zoster virus?
Chickenpox
What is the main purpose of the Varicella-Zoster vaccine?
To induce cellular and humoral immunity
Why is the Varicella-Zoster vaccine not on the UK schedule at present?
VZV is a benign childhood infection
What is the purpose of adjuvants in vaccines?
To increase the immunogenicity of the vaccine
What is the classification of active vaccines based on the antigen used?
Subunit
Which of the following is a drawback of subunit vaccines?
They have weaker immune responses
What is the main challenge associated with mRNA vaccines?
Inflammatory response caused by mRNA
What is the advantage of viral vector vaccines?
They can be easily produced and adapted
What is the role of adjuvants in vaccination?
To increase immunogenicity
What is the purpose of vaccine conjugation?
To deliver antigens to host cells
What is the main advantage of lenteviral vaccines?
They have high immunogenicity
Which organism is responsible for the production of the BCG vaccine?
Mycobacterium bovis
What is the main aim of the TB vaccination?
To increase Th1 cell responses to M. tuberculosis
What is the effectiveness of the BCG vaccine in preventing disseminated TB and TB meningitis in children?
80%
Which type of vaccines generally require boosters to maintain immunity?
Live-attenuated vaccines
Which antigenic components are targeted by protective antibody responses in influenza vaccines?
Hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)
What is the purpose of adjuvants in subunit vaccines?
To boost immune response to the antigen
Which of the following is an example of passive immunisation?
Immunisation with antibodies from a hyper-immune donor
What is the term used for the process by which an individual is rendered immune through artificial means?
Vaccination
Which of the following vaccine types is NOT mentioned in the text?
Passive vaccine
What is the historical background of immunisation mentioned in the text?
Variolation and Jenner's use of cowpox fluid
What is the estimated reduction in mortality worldwide due to immunisation?
3 million per year
What is the purpose of adjuvants and vaccine conjugation in vaccination?
To improve responses to vaccination
Which of the following is true about the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccination?
It reduces the severity and complications of zoster in over 60s
What is the difference between the Salk and Sabin polio vaccines?
Sabin vaccine is administered orally while Salk vaccine is injected
What is the main function of macrophages during primary tuberculosis infection?
To present TB antigen to MTB-specific CD4 T cells
What is the purpose of the zoster vaccination?
To reduce the incidence of zoster in individuals over 60 years old
What is the route of spread of the polio virus during the viremia phase?
Lymphatics
What is the incidence of zoster in parallel with?
Declining cell-mediated immune responses to zoster
"Understanding Antibody Detection: Primary and Secondary Antibodies Explained" - Test your knowledge on the different types of antibodies used in detection assays, including primary and secondary antibodies. Learn about the importance of using an anti-human IGA antibody for accurate results.
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