Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which category of neurotransmitters is synthesized locally in the presynaptic terminal?
Which category of neurotransmitters is synthesized locally in the presynaptic terminal?
- Monoamines
- Amino acids (correct)
- Neuropeptides
- Acetylcholine
Which category of neurotransmitters is synthesized in the cell soma and transported to the terminal?
Which category of neurotransmitters is synthesized in the cell soma and transported to the terminal?
- Neuropeptides
- Monoamines (correct)
- Amino acids
- Acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter is categorized as a catecholamine?
Which neurotransmitter is categorized as a catecholamine?
- Glutamate
- Glycine
- GABA
- Dopamine (correct)
Which neurotransmitter is released in response to a global increase in Ca2+?
Which neurotransmitter is released in response to a global increase in Ca2+?
Which neurotransmitter slightly depolarizes the postsynaptic cell's membrane?
Which neurotransmitter slightly depolarizes the postsynaptic cell's membrane?
Which neurotransmitter slightly hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic cell's membrane?
Which neurotransmitter slightly hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic cell's membrane?
Which category of neurotransmitters is released in response to a local increase in Ca2+?
Which category of neurotransmitters is released in response to a local increase in Ca2+?
Which neurotransmitter is synthesized in the cell soma and transported to the terminal?
Which neurotransmitter is synthesized in the cell soma and transported to the terminal?
Which drug blocks the reuptake of serotonin and is used in the treatment of depression and OCD?
Which drug blocks the reuptake of serotonin and is used in the treatment of depression and OCD?
Which neurotransmitter is degraded by acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft?
Which neurotransmitter is degraded by acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft?
Which neurotransmitter is released in response to local increase in Ca2+ concentration in the presynaptic terminal?
Which neurotransmitter is released in response to local increase in Ca2+ concentration in the presynaptic terminal?
Which neurotransmitter is stored in vesicles and is terminated by reuptake by Serotonin transporters?
Which neurotransmitter is stored in vesicles and is terminated by reuptake by Serotonin transporters?
Which neurotransmitters are neuropeptides?
Which neurotransmitters are neuropeptides?
Which neurotransmitters are released in response to global increase in Ca2+ concentration in the presynaptic terminal?
Which neurotransmitters are released in response to global increase in Ca2+ concentration in the presynaptic terminal?
Which neurotransmitter is synthesized from glutamate in a reaction catalyzed by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)?
Which neurotransmitter is synthesized from glutamate in a reaction catalyzed by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)?
Which neurotransmitter is synthesized in the cell soma and transported to the terminal, stored in secretory granules, and released in response to a global increase in Ca2+?
Which neurotransmitter is synthesized in the cell soma and transported to the terminal, stored in secretory granules, and released in response to a global increase in Ca2+?
Which neurotransmitter is a catecholamine?
Which neurotransmitter is a catecholamine?
Which enzyme converts Levodopa into dopamine?
Which enzyme converts Levodopa into dopamine?
Which transporter is responsible for reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine into the axon terminal?
Which transporter is responsible for reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine into the axon terminal?
Which drug blocks dopamine reuptake into terminals, resulting in more dopamine in the synaptic cleft and extended action on the postsynaptic neuron?
Which drug blocks dopamine reuptake into terminals, resulting in more dopamine in the synaptic cleft and extended action on the postsynaptic neuron?
Which drug is a COMT inhibitor that increases the available amount of neurotransmitter?
Which drug is a COMT inhibitor that increases the available amount of neurotransmitter?
Which of the following is NOT a type of neurotransmitter mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a type of neurotransmitter mentioned in the text?
Which category of neurotransmitters is synthesized a long way away in the presynaptic soma?
Which category of neurotransmitters is synthesized a long way away in the presynaptic soma?
Which neurotransmitter is your excitatory neurotransmitter?
Which neurotransmitter is your excitatory neurotransmitter?
Which neurotransmitter is your inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
Which neurotransmitter is your inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
Which neurotransmitter is your inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord?
Which neurotransmitter is your inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord?
Which neurotransmitter is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Which neurotransmitter is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Which neurotransmitter is the main excitatory neurotransmitter?
Which neurotransmitter is the main excitatory neurotransmitter?
Which neurotransmitter is synthesized from glucose via the Krebs cycle and converted by two enzymes into glutamate?
Which neurotransmitter is synthesized from glucose via the Krebs cycle and converted by two enzymes into glutamate?
Which neurotransmitter is synthesized from glutamate and is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Which neurotransmitter is synthesized from glutamate and is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Which neurotransmitter is involved in mood disorders like depression, sleep regulation, pain perception, emotion processing, and appetite?
Which neurotransmitter is involved in mood disorders like depression, sleep regulation, pain perception, emotion processing, and appetite?
Where are neuro modulators mainly synthesized in the nervous system?
Where are neuro modulators mainly synthesized in the nervous system?
What is the common principle of organization for all neuro modulators?
What is the common principle of organization for all neuro modulators?
Why does the nervous system have multiple neurotransmitters?
Why does the nervous system have multiple neurotransmitters?
Which neurotransmitter is synthesized from tyrosine and is involved in the motor system and reward signals?
Which neurotransmitter is synthesized from tyrosine and is involved in the motor system and reward signals?
Which neurotransmitter is released in response to a global increase in calcium ion concentration in the presynaptic terminal, leading to cell death due to excitotoxicity?
Which neurotransmitter is released in response to a global increase in calcium ion concentration in the presynaptic terminal, leading to cell death due to excitotoxicity?
Which neurotransmitter is involved in sedation and coma when there is an excess amount in the cortex?
Which neurotransmitter is involved in sedation and coma when there is an excess amount in the cortex?
Which neurotransmitter is synthesized from tyrosine and is important in regulating the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters?
Which neurotransmitter is synthesized from tyrosine and is important in regulating the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters?
Which neurotransmitter is synthesized from tyrosine in two steps and can be further synthesized into noradrenaline and adrenaline?
Which neurotransmitter is synthesized from tyrosine in two steps and can be further synthesized into noradrenaline and adrenaline?
Which enzyme is responsible for creating noradrenaline from dopamine and is found only within the synaptic vesicles?
Which enzyme is responsible for creating noradrenaline from dopamine and is found only within the synaptic vesicles?
Which drug blocks the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine into the axon terminals, resulting in more dopamine available in the synaptic cleft and extended action on the postsynaptic neuron?
Which drug blocks the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine into the axon terminals, resulting in more dopamine available in the synaptic cleft and extended action on the postsynaptic neuron?
Which drug is a COMT inhibitor that increases the available amount of dopamine by preventing its breakdown?
Which drug is a COMT inhibitor that increases the available amount of dopamine by preventing its breakdown?
Which enzyme is responsible for converting tryptophan into serotonin?
Which enzyme is responsible for converting tryptophan into serotonin?
What is the role of serotonin transporters?
What is the role of serotonin transporters?
Which drug blocks the free uptake of serotonin?
Which drug blocks the free uptake of serotonin?
What is the function of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
What is the function of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
What role does serotonin play in mood disorders?
What role does serotonin play in mood disorders?
Which neurotransmitter is destroyed by mouths in the cytoplasm?
Which neurotransmitter is destroyed by mouths in the cytoplasm?
Which neurotransmitters are released in response to high frequency stimulation in the presynaptic terminal?
Which neurotransmitters are released in response to high frequency stimulation in the presynaptic terminal?
What is the advantage of having different neurotransmitters in the central nervous system?
What is the advantage of having different neurotransmitters in the central nervous system?
Which neurotransmitters require a global increase in calcium ion concentration for release?
Which neurotransmitters require a global increase in calcium ion concentration for release?
What is the difference between the release of small molecule neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the presynaptic terminal?
What is the difference between the release of small molecule neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the presynaptic terminal?
What neurotransmitters are synthesized locally in presynaptic terminal?
What neurotransmitters are synthesized locally in presynaptic terminal?
What type of neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles?
What type of neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles?
What type of neurotransmitters are released in response to local increase in Ca2+?
What type of neurotransmitters are released in response to local increase in Ca2+?
What type of neurotransmitters are synthesized in the cell soma and transported to the terminal and stored in secretory granules and released in response to global increase in Ca2+
What type of neurotransmitters are synthesized in the cell soma and transported to the terminal and stored in secretory granules and released in response to global increase in Ca2+
What is NOT true regarding the neurotransmitter Glutamate?
What is NOT true regarding the neurotransmitter Glutamate?
What is NOT true regarding GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)?
What is NOT true regarding GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)?
What metabolite that can be converted back to GABA- Increases amount of available GABA- too much leads to unconsciousness and coma?
What metabolite that can be converted back to GABA- Increases amount of available GABA- too much leads to unconsciousness and coma?
What happens when there is too much GABA?
What happens when there is too much GABA?
Monoamine neurotransmitters include indolamines and the catecholamines. What is NOT an example of a catecholamines?
Monoamine neurotransmitters include indolamines and the catecholamines. What is NOT an example of a catecholamines?
Monoamine neurotransmitters include indolamines and the catecholamines. What is an example of an indolamines?
Monoamine neurotransmitters include indolamines and the catecholamines. What is an example of an indolamines?
Which neurotransmitters are released in response to global increase in Ca2+ concentrationin the presynaptic terminal?
Which neurotransmitters are released in response to global increase in Ca2+ concentrationin the presynaptic terminal?
All catecholamines are synthesized from the amino acid l-tyrosine according to the following sequence: tyrosine → dopa (dihydroxyphenylalanine) → dopamine → norepinephrine (noradrenaline) → epinephrine (adrenaline)
Which enzyme
catalyses the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine, and is located in synaptic vesicles only, and NE is the only transmitter synthesised within vesicles.
All catecholamines are synthesized from the amino acid l-tyrosine according to the following sequence: tyrosine → dopa (dihydroxyphenylalanine) → dopamine → norepinephrine (noradrenaline) → epinephrine (adrenaline)
Which enzyme catalyses the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine, and is located in synaptic vesicles only, and NE is the only transmitter synthesised within vesicles.
What molecule is the precursor of dopamine, an used as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease. Dopa decarboxylase converts it into dopamine increasing the pool of releasable transmitter
What molecule is the precursor of dopamine, an used as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease. Dopa decarboxylase converts it into dopamine increasing the pool of releasable transmitter
What is NOT true regarding catecholamine release and uptake?
What is NOT true regarding catecholamine release and uptake?
What is NOT true regarding modulation of catecholamine release & reuptake by drug?
What is NOT true regarding modulation of catecholamine release & reuptake by drug?
What are the correct steps for serotonin synthesis?
What are the correct steps for serotonin synthesis?
What is NOT true regarding serotonin storage, release and reuptake?
What is NOT true regarding serotonin storage, release and reuptake?
What is NOT true regarding drugs modulating serotonin release and reuptake?
What is NOT true regarding drugs modulating serotonin release and reuptake?
What is NOT true regarding Acetylcholine (ACh)?
What is NOT true regarding Acetylcholine (ACh)?
Which enzyme block the breakdown of ACh, prolonging its actions in the synaptic cleft e.g. Neostigmine (treatment of myasthenia gravis, MG)
Which enzyme block the breakdown of ACh, prolonging its actions in the synaptic cleft e.g. Neostigmine (treatment of myasthenia gravis, MG)
What is NOT true regarding a major neurotransmitters in the CNS: Neuropeptides
What is NOT true regarding a major neurotransmitters in the CNS: Neuropeptides
What is NOT true regarding Neuropeptide release and degradation?
What is NOT true regarding Neuropeptide release and degradation?
What is NOT true regarding soluble gases: Nitric oxide (NO) and Carbon monoxide
What is NOT true regarding soluble gases: Nitric oxide (NO) and Carbon monoxide
What is NOT true regarding Endocannabinoids?
What is NOT true regarding Endocannabinoids?
Study Notes
Chemicals in the Brain Lecture Summary
- The lecture is about chemicals in the brain and is for personal use only.
- The lecture covers the location and structure of chemical signals and synapses.
- It also discusses synaptic transmission, including the synthesis, storage, release, recovery, and breakdown of neurotransmitters.
- The lecture categorizes neurotransmitters into amino acids, monoamines, acetylcholine, and neuropeptides.
- Amino acid transmitters are fast and can be excitatory or inhibitory.
- The serotonergic system, part of the diffuse modulatory systems, functions in mood, sleep, pain, emotion, and appetite.
- Glutamate is a fast neurotransmitter synthesized in the presynaptic terminal and is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS.
- GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter synthesized from glutamate and is stored in vesicles.
- Excessive glutamate or inadequate GABA can lead to hyper-excitability or sedation/coma.
- Catecholamines, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, are synthesized in two steps and stored in vesicles.
- Serotonin is synthesized in two steps and stored in vesicles, and its release and reuptake can be modulated by drugs.
- Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl CoA and is rapidly degraded by acetylcholinesterase.
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Description
Test your knowledge on serotonin synthesis, storage, release, and reuptake with this quiz. Learn about the two-step synthesis process, the role of serotonin transporters, and the drugs that modulate serotonin release and reuptake. Keywords: serotonin, synthesis, storage, release, reuptake, serotonin transporters, drugs
