Hemodynamics I
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a cause of generalized tissue and organ edema?

  • Sodium and water retention
  • Lymphatic obstruction
  • Hyperemia
  • Reduced plasma osmotic pressure (correct)
  • Which protein is the major contributor to plasma osmotic pressure?

  • Globulin
  • Fibrinogen
  • Albumin (correct)
  • Hemoglobin
  • Which condition can result in systemic edema due to inadequate levels of circulating protein?

  • Liver failure
  • Malnutrition
  • Renal failure
  • All of the above (correct)
  • What is the primary cause of lymphatic obstruction?

    <p>Primary neoplasms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the passive back-up of blood due to venous obstruction?

    <p>Congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of long-standing (chronic) congestion?

    <p>Cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes an increase in volume of blood in hyperemia?

    <p>Arteriolar dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for maintenance of homeostasis in the body?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces?

    <p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of edema resulting from increased hydrostatic pressure?

    <p>Reduced plasma oncotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe an abnormal increase in blood flow to a particular tissue or organ?

    <p>Hyperemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between acute and chronic passive congestion?

    <p>Acute congestion is characterized by red blood cell extravasation, while chronic congestion is characterized by fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the escape of blood from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissues?

    <p>Hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a small, pinpoint hemorrhage?

    <p>Petechiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of edema?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the lymphatic system in relation to edema?

    <p>To remove excess fluid from the interstitial space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between hydrostatic pressure and fluid movement?

    <p>Increases in hydrostatic pressure cause fluid to move out of the vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of failure in any part of the system that regulates fluid movement?

    <p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to localized edema in a limb?

    <p>Blockage of venous outflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of systemic increases in hydrostatic pressure?

    <p>Cardiac failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiological response to decreased arterial flow to the kidney in cardiac failure?

    <p>Increased aldosterone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of acute pulmonary congestion?

    <p>Collection of edematous fluid within the alveolar spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a unique gross morphology seen in chronic passive congestion of the liver?

    <p>Nutmeg liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of hemorrhage characterized by pinpoint lesions on serosal surfaces and skin?

    <p>Petechial hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size range of purpura lesions?

    <p>3-5 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe larger lesions (larger than 1 cm) that occur in subcutaneous tissues and are commonly called bruises?

    <p>Ecchymosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the color sequence of a resolving bruise?

    <p>Blue-red, blue-green, yellow-brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a large collection of blood that may form in any area of the body called?

    <p>Hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical significance of a hemorrhage not always directly proportional to?

    <p>Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a rapid loss of 20% of one's blood volume lead to?

    <p>Hypovolemic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

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