Hemodynamics I

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Which of the following is a cause of generalized tissue and organ edema?

Sodium and water retention

Lymphatic obstruction

Hyperemia

Reduced plasma osmotic pressure (correct)

Which protein is the major contributor to plasma osmotic pressure?

Globulin

Fibrinogen

Albumin (correct)

Hemoglobin

Which condition can result in systemic edema due to inadequate levels of circulating protein?

Liver failure

Malnutrition

Renal failure

All of the above (correct)

What is the primary cause of lymphatic obstruction?

Primary neoplasms Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the passive back-up of blood due to venous obstruction?

Congestion Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of long-standing (chronic) congestion?

Cell death Signup and view all the answers

What causes an increase in volume of blood in hyperemia?

Arteriolar dilation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for maintenance of homeostasis in the body?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces?

Edema Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of edema resulting from increased hydrostatic pressure?

Reduced plasma oncotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe an abnormal increase in blood flow to a particular tissue or organ?

Hyperemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between acute and chronic passive congestion?

Acute congestion is characterized by red blood cell extravasation, while chronic congestion is characterized by fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the escape of blood from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissues?

Hemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a small, pinpoint hemorrhage?

Petechiae Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cause of edema?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lymphatic system in relation to edema?

To remove excess fluid from the interstitial space Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between hydrostatic pressure and fluid movement?

Increases in hydrostatic pressure cause fluid to move out of the vessel Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of failure in any part of the system that regulates fluid movement?

Edema Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can lead to localized edema in a limb?

Blockage of venous outflow Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of systemic increases in hydrostatic pressure?

Cardiac failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiological response to decreased arterial flow to the kidney in cardiac failure?

Increased aldosterone secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of acute pulmonary congestion?

Collection of edematous fluid within the alveolar spaces Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a unique gross morphology seen in chronic passive congestion of the liver?

Nutmeg liver Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of hemorrhage characterized by pinpoint lesions on serosal surfaces and skin?

Petechial hemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

What is the size range of purpura lesions?

3-5 mm Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe larger lesions (larger than 1 cm) that occur in subcutaneous tissues and are commonly called bruises?

Ecchymosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the color sequence of a resolving bruise?

Blue-red, blue-green, yellow-brown Signup and view all the answers

What is a large collection of blood that may form in any area of the body called?

Hematoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical significance of a hemorrhage not always directly proportional to?

Volume Signup and view all the answers

What can a rapid loss of 20% of one's blood volume lead to?

Hypovolemic shock Signup and view all the answers