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Tuition payments are fees charged by educational institutions for instruction or other services. Private spending via tuition payments are the largest revenue sources for educational institutions in some countries. In most developed countries, there are no or only nominal tuition fees for all forms of education, including university and other higher education. Some countries have "up-front tuition policies." College tuition in the United States is one of the costs of a post-secondary education. The total cost of college includes tuition, room and board, and fees for facilities such as books, transportation, or commuting provided by the college. In Europe, the first cycle is free in several countries. Tuition fees in the United Kingdom were introduced in 1998, and the maximum permitted fee was raised to £9,000 in most of the United Kingdom. French tuition fees are capped based on the level of education pursued. In the German education system, almost all universities and most universities of applied sciences are funded by the state and do not charge tuition fees. All Nordic countries provide higher education free of charge to their own citizens. In Greece, Bachelor-level higher education and some Master-level post-graduate education is provided for free to all Hellene citizens. After World War II, the tuition systems of all of today's advanced democracies still were highly similar. Since the early 1970s, the average cost of tuition has steadily outpaced the growth of the average American household. The Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act was introduced in the U.S. Senate. It would allow undocumented students in the United States to gain in-state tuition as well as a path towards American citizenship.