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Questions and Answers

Which one of the following is true about prescribing medicines?

  • Prescribing is only done by health professionals
  • Prescribing can only be done for prescription-only medicines
  • Prescribing is only done by medical prescribers
  • Prescribing involves more than just writing a prescription (correct)

    • Which one of the following is NOT a medical prescriber?

  • Dentist
  • Pharmacist (correct)
  • Doctor
  • Paramedic

    • Which one of the following is true about permissions for prescribing medicines?

  • Permissions for prescribing vary between different types of prescribers (correct)
  • Doctors have the fewest permissions
  • Permissions for prescribing are the same for all types of prescribers
  • Non-medical prescribers have the broadest range of permissions

    • Which type of prescribing is a partnership between an independent prescriber and a supplementary prescriber?

    <p>Supplementary prescribing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what are Patient Group Directions (PGDs)?

    <p>Instructions for administering medications to groups of patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are the authorising signatories for drawing up PGDs?

    <p>A multi-disciplinary group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of health professionals practising under PGDs?

    <p>Assessing patients and complying with PGD criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization is responsible for regulating all medicines and medical devices in the UK?

    <p>MHRA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which of the following must be included on a Controlled Drugs prescription?

    <p>The prescriber's identification number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a marketing authorisation or product licence for a medicine?

    <p>To assess the efficacy, safety, and quality of the medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be prescribed separately if a prescription requests multiple strengths of a medicine?

    <p>The strength of the preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When may the use of unlicensed or off-label medicines be necessary?

    <p>When there is no applicable medicine that meets the needs of the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the colour-coded system for prescribing responsibilities?

    <p>To clarify the clinical and prescribing responsibility between specialists and General Practitioners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what constitutes a dose?

    <p>'One as directed'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is exempt from the requirements for private prescriptions?

    <p>Prescriptions to be supplied by a pharmacist in hospital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, who provides national guidance and advice to improve health and social care in the United Kingdom?

    <p>The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country in the UK decides how NICE guidance applies in their country?

    <p>Northern Ireland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization in Wales provides advice on medicines management to the Welsh Government?

    <p>The All Wales Medicines Strategy Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization in Scotland provides advice to NHS Scotland about the value to patients of newly licensed medicines?

    <p>The Scottish Medicines Consortium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, why is it important for healthcare professionals to have clear boundaries when prescribing for friends, family, or themselves?

    <p>To maintain objectivity and impartiality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended course of action for prescribers when considering prescribing Controlled Drugs for friends, family, or themselves?

    <p>Avoid prescribing Controlled Drugs in these situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors should be considered when prescribing medication remotely?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation might a Forensic Physician engage in remote prescribing?

    <p>When prescribing medication to detainees in police custody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is NOT a requirement for consent to be deemed valid?

    <p>The patient must be mentally incapacitated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is true about the different types of consent?

    <p>Consent can be given by someone else on behalf of the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is true about the issue of consent in mentally incapacitated adults?

    <p>The issue of consent in mentally incapacitated adults is addressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle of ethics emphasizes the importance of doing good?

    <p>Beneficence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key requirement for consent to be considered valid?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of conjoined twins Mary and Jodie, what was the ruling of the Court of Appeal regarding their separation surgery?

    <p>Separation surgery should go ahead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of justice mean in the context of ethics?

    <p>Treating unequal people unequally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the historical view of patient participation in decision making for medical treatment in ancient Greece?

    <p>Patients were discouraged from participating in decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary consideration outlined in the Nuremberg Code for research on humans?

    <p>Subject's voluntary consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization took responsibility for setting ethical guidelines for doctors following World War II?

    <p>World Medical Association (WMA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the requirement for consent outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki?

    <p>Consent consistent with patient psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key factor to consider when assessing a patient's capacity to make decisions about their care?

    <p>The patient's ability to make seemingly unwise decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the Tuskegee study?

    <p>The study continued even after funding was lost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following acts is NOT mentioned as a legislation that clinicians must comply with when assessing a patient's capacity to make decisions about their care?

    <p>Family Law Reform Act 1969 (England and Wales)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the study conducted in the Tuskegee experiment?

    <p>To compare the health and longevity of a syphilitic population with a non-syphilitic population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is at the core of the Mental Capacity Act (MCA) 2005?

    <p>The right to make one's own decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Two-Stage Functional Test of Capacity in the MCA 2005?

    <p>To establish if the patient has the capacity to make a specific decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Section 2(1) of the MCA 2005 state?

    <p>A person lacks capacity if they have a disturbance in the functioning of the mind or brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should an incompetent patient's Advance Directive be followed?

    <p>Only if the patient has clearly indicated it in the past</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who can provide consent for treatment for a child under the age of 16 years if the child cannot consent?

    <p>Someone with parental responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered more important when taking consent from a patient?

    <p>Whether the patient has been given the information they want or need to make a decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the hierarchy of decision-makers for emergency treatment when a person lacks capacity?

    <p>The patient's welfare Lasting Power of Attorney (LPA) or court-appointed deputy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should a patient who regains capacity during care be informed about the treatment that has been done?

    <p>As soon as they are sufficiently recovered to understand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Mental Capacity (Northern Ireland) Act 2016, when making decisions for a person who lacks capacity, those making decisions must take into account the person’s present and past wishes and feelings. They must also try every possible means of communicating with the person to find out what these are. What other factors must be taken into account when making decisions for the person?

    <p>The views of the person's nearest relative and primary carer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Mental Capacity (Northern Ireland) Act 2016, what must be done when making decisions for a person who lacks capacity?

    <p>The person's best interests must be considered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Mental Capacity (Northern Ireland) Act 2016, how should a best interests decision be made?

    <p>Based on the person's known wishes and feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Mental Capacity (Northern Ireland) Act 2016, what should be considered when making a best interests decision for a person who lacks capacity?

    <p>The person's known wishes and feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key historical milestone in the development of consent in medical ethics?

    <p>Early History</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Two-Stage Functional Test of Capacity in the Mental Capacity Act (MCA) 2005?

    <p>To evaluate a person's ability to weigh the information and make a decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a requirement for consent to be deemed valid?

    <p>Emergency Treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the historical view of patient participation in decision making for medical treatment in ancient Greece?

    <p>Patient trust was considered more important than disclosure of possible difficulties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary consideration outlined in the Nuremberg Code for research on humans?

    <p>Subject's voluntary consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the ruling of the Court of Appeal regarding the separation surgery of conjoined twins Mary and Jodie?

    <p>The surgery should be performed with consent from the parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization took responsibility for setting ethical guidelines for doctors following World War II?

    <p>The World Medical Association (WMA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is at the core of the Mental Capacity Act (MCA) 2005?

    <p>Autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Two-Stage Functional Test of Capacity in the MCA 2005?

    <p>To determine if a person has an impairment of or disturbance in the functioning of their mind or brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes a dose?

    <p>The amount of medication prescribed to a patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Mental Capacity (Northern Ireland) Act 2016, what must be done when making decisions for a person who lacks capacity?

    <p>Take into account the person's present and past wishes and feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following acts is NOT mentioned as a legislation that clinicians must comply with when assessing a patient's capacity to make decisions about their care?

    <p>The Mental Health Act 1983</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered more important when taking consent from a patient?

    <p>The patient's ability to make decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the ruling of the Court of Appeal regarding the separation surgery of conjoined twins Mary and Jodie?

    <p>The surgery was deemed necessary and in the best interests of both twins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the colour-coded system for prescribing responsibilities?

    <p>To indicate the level of supervision required for different types of prescribing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is NOT one of the four principles of ethics outlined in Beauchamp and Childress's book?

    <p>Autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is NOT a requirement for consent to be considered valid?

    <p>Given without any form of coercion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is NOT a factor that must be considered for consent to be valid?

    <p>Given by a healthcare practitioner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is NOT one of the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki?

    <p>Subject's welfare taking precedence over the interests of science and society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Mental Capacity (Northern Ireland) Act 2016, who should be considered when making a best interests decision for a person who lacks capacity?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Mental Capacity (Northern Ireland) Act 2016, what is the key requirement for a determination of capacity?

    <p>All the relevant circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Mental Capacity (Northern Ireland) Act 2016, what should be considered when making a best interests decision for a person who lacks capacity?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Mental Capacity (Northern Ireland) Act 2016, what does a best interests decision mean?

    <p>A decision to give, withhold or stop treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who can provide consent for treatment for a child under the age of 16 years if the child cannot consent?

    <p>A person with parental responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hierarchy of decision-makers for emergency treatment when a person lacks capacity?

    <ol> <li>Welfare Lasting Power of Attorney (LPA) or court-appointed deputy if no valid and applicable advanced decision and decision is not urgent</li> <li>Healthcare staff in charge of care, using the best interests’ principles, if LPA is not available and/or situation is urgent</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    When should a patient who regains capacity during care be informed about the treatment that has been done?

    <p>As soon as they are sufficiently recovered to understand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended course of action for prescribers when considering prescribing Controlled Drugs for friends, family, or themselves?

    <p>Avoid prescribing for friends, family, or themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is NOT a type of consent?

    <p>Presumed consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Nuremberg Code?

    <p>To establish guidelines for medical research on humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is NOT a factor to consider when assessing a patient's capacity to make decisions about their care?

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the four principles of ethics codified by Beauchamp and Childress?

    <p>Autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki?

    <p>Respect for the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle of ethics emphasizes the importance of doing good?

    <p>Beneficence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key requirement for a determination of capacity according to the Mental Capacity (Northern Ireland) Act 2016?

    <p>Ability to make the decision in question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the Tuskegee syphilis study?

    <p>The study compared the health and longevity of an untreated syphilitic population with a non-syphilitic population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the advisory panel review of the Tuskegee study in 1972?

    <p>The study was found to have violated subjects' rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which legislation outlines the presumption of capacity for individuals over the age of 16?

    <p>Family Law Reform Act 1969 (England and Wales)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of health professionals when assessing a patient's capacity to make decisions about their care?

    <p>To comply with relevant legislation and regulatory guidance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Mental Capacity Act (MCA) 2005, what is the primary principle regarding an adult's capacity to make decisions?

    <p>Every adult is assumed to have capacity unless proven otherwise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Mental Capacity Act (MCA) 2005?

    <p>To prioritize patient autonomy and protection from harm equally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the MCA Two-Stage Functional Test of Capacity, what is the first stage in determining an individual's capacity?

    <p>Assessing the person's impairment or disturbance of the mind or brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Mental Capacity Act (MCA) 2005, what must be done when making decisions on behalf of someone who lacks capacity?

    <p>Make decisions based on the patient's basic rights and freedoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the view of patient participation in decision making for medical treatment in ancient Greece?

    <p>Patients were required to passively accept the decisions made by their physicians for their medical treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following principles was emphasized in the Nuremberg Code developed in 1947?

    <p>The necessity of obtaining voluntary consent from research subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Declaration of Geneva made by the World Medical Association in 1948?

    <p>To revise the Hippocratic Oath for modern medical practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Declaration of Helsinki made by the World Medical Association in 1964?

    <p>To require consent whenever possible, consistent with patient psychology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who can provide consent for treatment for a child under the age of 16 years who cannot consent due to lack of capacity or illness?

    <p>A person with parental responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be considered when taking consent for treatment?

    <p>Whether the patient has been given the information they want or need to make a decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who should be consulted about treatment decisions if a patient has appointed a welfare attorney, or there is a court-appointed deputy or guardian?

    <p>The welfare attorney, court-appointed deputy or guardian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On what basis should emergency 'best interest' decisions for a child lacking capacity be determined?

    <p>The person's best interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Mental Capacity (Northern Ireland) Act 2016, what is the primary consideration when making a best interests decision for a person who lacks capacity?

    <p>The person's known wishes and feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Mental Capacity (Northern Ireland) Act 2016, what must be considered when making a best interests decision for a person who lacks capacity?

    <p>The person's past and present wishes and feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Mental Capacity (Northern Ireland) Act 2016, what is the role of the person's nearest relative and primary carer in decision making?

    <p>Their views must be taken into account, so far as it is reasonable and practical to do so</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Mental Capacity (Northern Ireland) Act 2016, what is the purpose of the Act?

    <p>To legislate decisions made in relation to the care, treatment, or personal welfare of a person lacking capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

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