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Questions and Answers
What effect does ROS (reactive oxygen species) have on the plasma membrane?
What effect does ROS (reactive oxygen species) have on the plasma membrane?
Which of the following is NOT considered a compatible solute?
Which of the following is NOT considered a compatible solute?
How do compatible solutes help maintain cellular homeostasis?
How do compatible solutes help maintain cellular homeostasis?
What triggers the synthesis of compatible solutes?
What triggers the synthesis of compatible solutes?
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Which of the following is a nitrogen-containing compatible solute?
Which of the following is a nitrogen-containing compatible solute?
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What is the role of compatible solutes produced by microbial communities in plant tissues?
What is the role of compatible solutes produced by microbial communities in plant tissues?
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Which compound is an example of a polyol used as a compatible solute?
Which compound is an example of a polyol used as a compatible solute?
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Which of the following statements about ROS production is false?
Which of the following statements about ROS production is false?
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What is the primary effect of Hypoglycin A on energy production?
What is the primary effect of Hypoglycin A on energy production?
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What is a consequence of anaerobic energy production?
What is a consequence of anaerobic energy production?
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How does cyanide affect cellular respiration?
How does cyanide affect cellular respiration?
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What role do lectins play in immune response?
What role do lectins play in immune response?
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Which of the following describes the relationship between lectins and cytokine release?
Which of the following describes the relationship between lectins and cytokine release?
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What happens to cells when hypoxia occurs?
What happens to cells when hypoxia occurs?
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What is a function of nitric oxide production stimulated by lectins?
What is a function of nitric oxide production stimulated by lectins?
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Which iron form does oxygen bind to in cytochrome oxidase?
Which iron form does oxygen bind to in cytochrome oxidase?
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What is the primary role of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) in terpene biosynthesis?
What is the primary role of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) in terpene biosynthesis?
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Which terpene is most commonly associated with a citrus aroma?
Which terpene is most commonly associated with a citrus aroma?
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Which of the following statements about isoprene units is correct?
Which of the following statements about isoprene units is correct?
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What is the function of terpene synthase in terpene biosynthesis?
What is the function of terpene synthase in terpene biosynthesis?
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Which terpene is commonly found in hops, mango, and lemongrass?
Which terpene is commonly found in hops, mango, and lemongrass?
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What reaction does isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase catalyze?
What reaction does isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase catalyze?
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What is the main characteristic of terpenes derived from isoprene?
What is the main characteristic of terpenes derived from isoprene?
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Which terpene is associated with having a peppery scent and is often found in black pepper, cloves, and cinnamon?
Which terpene is associated with having a peppery scent and is often found in black pepper, cloves, and cinnamon?
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What is the primary action of Taxol as mentioned?
What is the primary action of Taxol as mentioned?
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Which plant is known for its poisonous compound Grayanotoxin?
Which plant is known for its poisonous compound Grayanotoxin?
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Which statement correctly describes the use of Forskolin?
Which statement correctly describes the use of Forskolin?
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What characterizes the compound Abietadiene?
What characterizes the compound Abietadiene?
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How do cardenolides affect the body?
How do cardenolides affect the body?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Digoxin?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Digoxin?
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What is a common usage for the compound Gibberelin A1?
What is a common usage for the compound Gibberelin A1?
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Which of these insects is known to feed on cardenolide-rich plants?
Which of these insects is known to feed on cardenolide-rich plants?
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What is the main function of the compound Sitosterol?
What is the main function of the compound Sitosterol?
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What is a known risk associated with Abietadiene?
What is a known risk associated with Abietadiene?
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What role do compatible solutes play in cells during oxidative stress?
What role do compatible solutes play in cells during oxidative stress?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of phytohormones?
Which of the following is NOT a function of phytohormones?
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Which compatible solute is specifically mentioned as helping to protect the photosynthetic machinery?
Which compatible solute is specifically mentioned as helping to protect the photosynthetic machinery?
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What is one of the main consequences of increasing ionic strength in microbial cells?
What is one of the main consequences of increasing ionic strength in microbial cells?
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How do compatible solutes maintain cellular pH?
How do compatible solutes maintain cellular pH?
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Which of the following does not represent a role of reactive oxygen species?
Which of the following does not represent a role of reactive oxygen species?
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In what environmental conditions do compatible solutes like proline become particularly important?
In what environmental conditions do compatible solutes like proline become particularly important?
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Which of these is a characteristic of auxin, a type of phytohormone?
Which of these is a characteristic of auxin, a type of phytohormone?
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Study Notes
Terpenes
- Terpenes are organic compounds made from isoprene units, which combine to form larger chains.
- IPP (isopentenyl pyrophosphate) and DMAPP (dimethylallyl pyrophosphate) are isomeres of each other, meaning they have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms.
- IPP isomerase catalyzes the isomerization of IPP to DMAPP and vice versa.
- Common terpenes include:
- Myrcene (found in hops, mango, lemongrass)
- Pinene (found in needles, rosemary, basil, dill)
- Caryophyllene (found in black pepper, cloves, cinnamon)
- Limonene (found in fruits rinds, rosemary, juniper, peppermint)
- Terpinolene (found in nutmeg, tea tree, cumin, lilacs)
Terpene Biosynthesis
- Terpenes are biosynthesized through a series of enzymatic reactions, starting with IPP and DMAPP.
- The length of the terpene chain determines its classification:
- Hemiterpenes (C5H8) - Isoprene is the only hemiterpene
- Monoterpenes (C10H16) - GPP (geranyl pyrophosphate)
- Sesquiterpenes (C15H24) - FPP (farnesyl pyrophosphate)
- Diterpenes (C20H32) - GGPP (geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate)
- Triterpenes (C30H48)
- Tetraterpenes (C40H64) - Carotenoids
- Terpene synthase catalyzes the formation of these structures.
Plant Defense Compounds
- Taxol: Antimitotic agent used to treat cancer by blocking cancer cell growth.
- Forskolin: Insecticidal, anti-feedent properties, and treatment for glaucoma.
- Abietadiene: Phytoalexin found in resin of grand fir (Abies grandis), protecting against wood-degrading fungi.
- Grayanotoxin: Poison present in rhododendron.
- Gibberelin A1: Plant growth regulator.
Cardenolides
- Type of steroids in the saponin family.
- Active against mammal herbivores.
- Bitter-tasting and very toxic.
- Examples:
- Ouabain: Plant derived toxic compound, traditionally used as arrow poison.
- Acokanthera schimperi: Contains cardiac glycoside.
- Monarch caterpillars and grasshopper (Poekilocerus bufonius) feed on milkweed plants containing cardenolides, storing them to deter predators.
Hypoglycin A
- Non-proteinogenic amino acid.
- Acts as a phytotoxin and plant metabolite.
- Toxic if ingested, producing cellular hypoxia by binding to ferric iron in the cytochrome oxidase system.
- Cyanide blocks aerobic respiration by binding to the same iron, preventing oxygen from binding and halting energy production.
- Cellular hypoxia leads to cell death.
Compatible Solutes
- Plant-derived compounds that help protect cells from stress.
- Function as:
- Osmoprotectants: Protect cellular structures by interacting with membranes, proteins, and other molecules.
- Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) scavengers: Protect against oxidative damage and maintain cellular homeostasis.
- Examples:
- Polyols (mannitol, pinitol, sorbitol, trehalose)
- Carbohydrates (sucrose)
- Nitrogen-containing compounds (amino acids like proline, amides, quaternary ammonium compounds like glycine betaine)
Plant Lectins
- Bind to carbohydrate structures on immune cells, triggering intracellular signaling.
- Enhance phagocytic activity by facilitating the recognition of pathogens or dead cells.
- Activate immune cells to release pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β).
- Stimulate nitric oxide production via iNOS in macrophages, helping to destroy pathogens and regulate immune responses.
Phytohormones
- Chemical messengers produced by plants that regulate various cellular activities including:
- Cellular division
- Elongation
- Differentiation
- Pattern formation
- Organigenesis
- Reproduction
- Sex determination
- Responses to biotic and abiotic factors
- Examples:
- Auxin
- Gibberellins
- Cytokinins
- Abscisic acid
- Ethylene
- Brassinosteroids
- Jasmonates
- Salicylic acid
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of terpenes, organic compounds pivotal in various plants. This quiz covers their structures, biosynthesis, and common types found in nature, such as Myrcene and Limonene. Test your knowledge on isoprene units and the enzymatic processes that form these compounds.