Teratogens and Fetal Development Risks

Questions and Answers

What is a teratogen?

A hormone in males that affects strength

The embryo or fetus

The baby's genetic makeup

An environmental agent that causes harm to the embryo or fetus (correct)

Early exposure to a teratogen is likely to lead to which of the following?

Structural damage

Structural damage AND an easier labor for the mother

Structural damage AND functional damage (correct)

An easier labor for the mother

Functional damage

What are the most widely used recreational drugs?

Mescaline

Amphetamines

Alcohol and tobacco (correct)

Naproxen

Effects of maternal cocaine use on babies include all of the following EXCEPT:

Blood vessel dilation, increasing oxygen transport to the brain Signup and view all the answers

How does carbon monoxide increase the risk of fetal hypoxia?

Interfering with hemoglobin's oxygen-carrying and oxygen-releasing capabilities Signup and view all the answers

The most prevalent fetal defect associated with congenital rubella disease is:

Deafness Signup and view all the answers

Toxoplasmosis is associated with:

Felines Signup and view all the answers

Anti-D IgG immunoglobulin has been successful in protection against:

Rh incompatibility Signup and view all the answers

Down syndrome is:

Also known as mongolism AND the most frequent cytogenetic disorder Signup and view all the answers

Symptoms of walking delayed two or more years, short stature, slow speech development, and prominent anatomical features suggest:

Trisomy 21 AND Down syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cystic fibrosis (CF) is EXCEPT:

Approval of the newest drug for CF occurred in the 1960s Signup and view all the answers

Amniocentesis is administered:

Only when the mother is at a high risk for giving birth to a child with abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

The amount of weight a woman should gain over the course of pregnancy is influenced by:

The woman's body mass index Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of prenatal development is the morula formed?

Germinal period Signup and view all the answers

During which prenatal period is the developing organism most susceptible to teratogens?

Embryonic Signup and view all the answers

In the situation where both the mother and the father carry the sickle-cell trait, what is the probability that they will produce a child with the sickle-cell trait?

50% Signup and view all the answers

Some researchers believe that overemphasis on achievement in a baby's early life may hamper:

All selections are correct Signup and view all the answers

Motor development programs to enhance early development are categorized as 'no programming' and 'programming.' In the 'no programming' motor program, it is suggested that:

Infants should be left on their backs until they are capable of changing position Signup and view all the answers

In 'programming' motor development programs, it is suggested that:

Toys should be placed near the child to stimulate activity but not handed to the child Signup and view all the answers

The Gymboree philosophy contends that:

Certain types of play activities are essential to a child's development but are not readily available at home Signup and view all the answers

Throughout the last decade, one of the most common forms of early motor stimulation has been:

Swim programs for infants and preschoolers Signup and view all the answers

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, children are generally not ready for swimming lessons until what age?

4 years Signup and view all the answers

The Suzuki method of learning to play the violin:

Started as a result of the idea that if children can learn to speak by hearing conversations, they could learn to play the violin in the same manner Signup and view all the answers

Head Start programs:

Assume that preschool programs might boost intellectual, social, and emotional behaviors of children Signup and view all the answers

Research on infant walkers has shown that:

Most injuries sustained in walkers are head injuries Signup and view all the answers

According to the classic book, The Hopi Child, the frequent use of cradleboards for infants resulted in:

All selections are correct Signup and view all the answers

Infants under extended hospital care in nonstimulating environments often fail to gain weight and tend to develop respiratory conditions and fever. This condition is known as:

Dwarf deprivation Signup and view all the answers

A time of particular or maximum sensitivity to environmental stimuli is known as:

Critical period Signup and view all the answers

'Catch-up' is a developmental concept referring to:

The human power to stabilize and return to a predetermined behavior after being pushed off trajectory Signup and view all the answers

Tanner's (1978) growth curve is an example of:

Catch-up Signup and view all the answers

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, infant walkers should:

Be banned in the United States Signup and view all the answers

The term best used to describe infant swim programs is:

Water adjustment Signup and view all the answers

A measurement used to estimate the stature of an individual who is unable to stand erect is:

Knee height Signup and view all the answers

Median birth length is:

Approximately the same for boys and girls Signup and view all the answers

During the first year of postnatal life, body length increases about:

50% Signup and view all the answers

The midgrowth spurt in height is a growth spurt that generally occurs:

At approximately 6.5 to 8.5 years AND more frequently among girls than boys Signup and view all the answers

Most of the height gained during the adolescent growth spurt is due to:

Lengthening of the trunk Signup and view all the answers

After age 30, stature generally remains stable for:

15 years Signup and view all the answers

Full adult height is attained when a female:

Is 18 and a male is 16.5 years old Signup and view all the answers

At middle age, there is an apparent decrease in height caused by:

All selections are correct Signup and view all the answers

A velocity curve for height is useful in depicting:

All selections are correct Signup and view all the answers

Factors affecting birth weight include:

Mother's socioeconomic status AND mother's size AND birth order Signup and view all the answers

Midway through prenatal life, the fetus weighs:

Less than 1 pound Signup and view all the answers

During the first year of life, body weight can be expected to:

Triple Signup and view all the answers

Average mature body weight is approximately:

20 times birth weight Signup and view all the answers

Research has consistently indicated that heavy babies often exhibit:

Delays in motor development but soon catch up Signup and view all the answers

Adolescent awkwardness is:

A period during the growth spurt that is accompanied by a temporary disruption in motor performance Signup and view all the answers

Adolescent awkwardness occurs:

Only during the period known as peak height velocity Signup and view all the answers

Adolescent awkwardness is:

More common among higher skilled males Signup and view all the answers

At birth, the percentage of total body length accounted for by head and legs respectively is:

15 and 25 Signup and view all the answers

The most widely accepted assessment of maturation is:

Skeletal age Signup and view all the answers

The area of the body most frequently x-rayed to monitor bone growth and maturation is:

Left hand and wrist Signup and view all the answers

The result of the condition referred to as 'female athlete triad' is:

Osteoporosis Signup and view all the answers

According to the Fels longitudinal growth study, what is the average age at which American boys and girls reach peak height velocity?

14, boys; 12, girls Signup and view all the answers

In developed countries, the average age at the onset of menarche is:

13.2 years Signup and view all the answers

To determine dental maturity, researchers examine:

Number of teeth AND age of emergence of the teeth AND amount of calcification in the jaw bone Signup and view all the answers

Sheldon's (1940) process of identifying physique according to three general configurations is known as:

Somatotyping Signup and view all the answers

The normal growth and development process is:

Is predictable Signup and view all the answers

The tranquilizing drug that caused more than 5,000 malformed births in West Germany and dispelled the myth that the maternal environment was a protective shelter for the developing fetus was:

Thalidomide Signup and view all the answers

Prescription drugs affect the fetus by:

Damaging the body part that is developing the fastest during the period of drug use Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Teratogens and Their Effects

Teratogen: An environmental agent causing harm to an embryo or fetus.
Early teratogen exposure results in structural and functional damage to the developing baby.
Alcohol and tobacco are the most widely used recreational drugs impacting fetal development.

Cocaine and Maternal Drug Use

Maternal cocaine use may cause extreme irritability in babies, miscarriage, and poor sucking ability.
Cocaine does not typically cause blood vessel dilation or increased oxygen transport to the brain.

Fetal Development Risks

Carbon monoxide exposure interferes with hemoglobin's ability to carry oxygen, increasing the risk of fetal hypoxia.
Congenital rubella disease most commonly leads to deafness in newborns.
Toxoplasmosis, a risk during pregnancy, is linked to cats.

Medical Interventions and Genetic Disorders

Anti-D IgG immunoglobulin protects against Rh incompatibility risks during pregnancy.
Down syndrome, also known as mongolism, is the most common cytogenetic disorder and genetic defect.
Symptoms of Down syndrome include developmental delays and specific physical features.

Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) affects one in 25 Caucasians, has no cure, and commonly results in respiratory issues and fatigue.

Prenatal Diagnostics and Maternal Health

Amniocentesis is performed primarily for high-risk pregnancies to test for abnormalities.
Recommended weight gain during pregnancy is influenced by the mother's body mass index.

Prenatal Development Stages

The morula forms during the germinal period of prenatal development.
The embryonic period is when the developing organism is most susceptible to teratogens.

Genetic Traits and Developmental Concepts

When both parents carry the sickle-cell gene, there is a 50% chance of having a child with sickle-cell trait.
Overemphasis on achievement in early childhood may hinder emotional, creative, and physical development.

Motor Development Programs

"No programming" motor development suggests infants should be left on their backs until they can change positions independently.
"Programming" suggests actively engaging infants with toys to stimulate movement.

Early Childhood Programs and Play

The Gymboree philosophy values play activities crucial for development, often lacking at home.
Swim programs for infants are among the most common forms of early motor stimulation recommended.

Growth and Height Development

Children are typically ready for swimming lessons around age four.
Full adult height is reached by age 18 for females and 20 for males; females generally reach peak height velocity earlier.

Body Growth and Stature

At birth, the head constitutes 25% of total body length, while legs account for 15%.
Height velocity curves are valuable for tracking growth patterns and identifying periods of rapid growth.

Factors Influencing Weight and Growth

Birth weight is significantly influenced by maternal size, socio-economic status, and birth order.
Average body weight by adulthood is roughly 20 times birth weight.

Infants and Environmental Stimulation

Infants in nonstimulating hospital settings may experience dwarf deprivation, failing to gain weight.
Critical periods indicate times of maximum sensitivity to environmental stimuli during development.

The Impact of Drugs on Pregnancy

Thalidomide caused extensive birth defects, altering perceptions of maternal impact on fetal safety.
Prescription drugs can harm a developing fetus by targeting the fastest-growing body parts during usage.

Physical Development at Adolescence

Adolescent awkwardness, a temporary decline in motor performance during growth spurts, predominantly affects boys.
Height typically stabilizes around age 30, but can decline later due to various physiological factors.

Assessment of Growth and Maturation

Skeletal age is the most accepted method for assessing maturation in children.
Monitoring growth often includes examinations of dental maturity through teeth count and calcification degree.

Overall Growth Process

Normal growth and development are predictable, varying in timing and pace among individuals.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the impact of teratogens on fetal development and the various risks associated with maternal drug use. It covers substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and cocaine, as well as genetic disorders like Down syndrome and infections like toxoplasmosis. Test your knowledge on how these factors affect embryonic and fetal health.