54 Questions
What is one of the consequences for children born to mothers who use or abuse psychoactive drugs during pregnancy?
Low birth weights and difficulty regulating sleep-wake cycles
What is a potential consequence for children born to fathers who work with toxic chemicals?
Increased risk of prenatal abnormalities
What did previous assumptions link to an increased likelihood of Down syndrome?
Mother's age only
What impact has alcohol use by fathers been linked to in terms of prenatal and birth abnormalities?
Increased likelihood of birth abnormalities
What proportion of Down syndrome cases are attributed to difficulties with the father's sperm?
1/3
What is a potential consequence for children born to fathers who have jobs working with toxic chemicals?
Increased risk of genetic disorders
What are teratogens?
Environmental factors that can negatively affect prenatal development
What is a genetic disruption in prenatal development?
An error or break in the genetic material before the fertilization process
How does maternal age influence prenatal defects?
The incidence of prenatal defects increases with maternal age
What environmental factors can impact prenatal development?
Smoking, drinking, and drug use
Why are older mothers more likely to have children with birth defects?
Older ova might be more likely to be defective due to aging
What is the impact of genetic disruptions before the fertilization process?
Can result in minor issues like birthmarks or major problems like mental retardation
How does maternal malnutrition impact prenatal development?
It leads to an increase in miscarriages, stillbirth, and premature births.
What is a potential effect of maternal calcium deficiencies on prenatal development?
Affecting the development of bones and teeth in the fetus
How can infectious diseases impact prenatal development?
They can cause blindness, deafness, or heart disease in the fetus
What effect does cigarette smoking have on prenatal growth?
It causes retarded prenatal growth
How does alcohol affect unborn children during pregnancy?
It is quickly passed through the placenta from the mother to the fetus
What are potential consequences of a mother contracting Rubella during pregnancy?
Possibility of blindness, deafness, or heart disease in the fetus
During what stage of prenatal development does the human brain begin to develop rapidly, producing more neurons than needed by the fetus?
Embryonic stage
Which part of the brain is most highly developed at birth and is involved in arousal and involuntary body functions like respiration?
Brain stem
What part of the brain thickens during the first 3 months of life after birth, leading to the development of primary motor areas?
Cerebral cortex
Which stage marks the final phase of prenatal brain development, although brain development continues post-birth?
Fetal stage
During which stage of prenatal development does the zygote form into a hollow ball called a blastocyst?
Germinal stage
At what point does the brain undergo its most rapid development according to the text?
During prenatal development
At what point does the embryonic stage of prenatal development typically come to an end?
After eight weeks
Which factor can affect fetal brain development, as mentioned in the text?
Genetic disorders
During which stage of prenatal development do most of the cell divisions and the formation of organs take place?
Embryonic stage
At which week does the fetal stage of prenatal development typically begin?
Week 8
What is the developing child called during the fetal stage of prenatal development?
Fetus
Which stage of prenatal development typically involves the zygote moving down the fallopian tube towards the uterus?
Germinal stage
When does human life begin according to the text?
At fertilization when the sperm cell unites with the egg cell
What happens once the sperm penetrates the egg during fertilization?
The head of the sperm ruptures, spilling genetic material from the father into the egg
What is the term used for the fertilized egg after conception?
Zygote
How many chromosomes are present in a fertilized egg?
46
What determines the genetic sex of the baby?
The chromosomes contributed by the father
Which factor influences human development as indicated in the text?
Genetic predisposition and environmental experiences
What is the term used to describe the stage of prenatal development when the zygote moves down the fallopian tube towards the uterus?
Germinal stage
When does most of the cell divisions and the formation of organs take place during prenatal development?
Embryonic stage
Which stage marks the beginning of human life according to the text?
Germinal stage
What is the term used to describe the developing child during the embryonic stage of prenatal development?
Embryo
Genetic sex in humans is decided by:
The father only
What happens once the sperm penetrates the egg during fertilization?
The sperm head ruptures spilling genetic material.
What is the name given to the developing child from week eight until birth?
Fetus
During which stage of prenatal development does the face, eyes, ears, fingers, and toes become identifiable?
Embryonic stage
What marks the beginning of the embryonic stage of prenatal development?
Implantation of zygote into the uterus wall
Which stage of prenatal development is characterized by rapid cell growth and the formation of a blastocyst?
Germinal stage
At what point does the zygote move towards the uterus?
After implantation in the uterus wall
When does the fetal stage typically begin in terms of weeks after conception?
Week 8
During the fetal stage of prenatal development, which parts of the brain are most highly developed at birth?
Brain stem and midbrain
What is the primary role of the primary sensor and motor areas in brain development during the first 6 months after birth?
Limb and body movement controls
During which stage of prenatal development does the human brain start to develop rapidly, producing more neurons than the fetus needs?
Embryonic stage
What marks the final stage of prenatal brain development, even though brain development continues after birth?
Thickening of the cerebral cortex
Which part of the brain thickens during the first 3 months of life, leading to the development of primary motor areas?
Cerebral cortex
What can impact fetal brain development according to the text?
Both environmental factors and genetic disorders
Test your knowledge on environmental factors and biological factors that can impact prenatal development. Learn about teratogens, genetic disruptions, and their effects on fetal abnormalities and genetic material.
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