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The research question is: “Do higher temperatures make people angrier when they are frustrated?”
A researcher recruits 60 people to a study. Participants are randomly allocated to a cold room (temperature in the room is set to 13°C), a warm room (temperature in the room is set to 21°C), or a hot room (temperature in the room is set to 35°C). Participants are asked to solve anagrams; for example, given scrambled letters like “CATTISSSIT” and asked to unscramble them to form a word. Unbeknownst to the participants, the anagrams are unsolvable; that is, there is never a correct answer. After 10 minutes, they are asked to complete the state version of the State-Trait Anger Inventory. This includes a number of statements all indicating the extent to which one feels angry at the moment (rated on 1 [not all all] to 5 [very much so] scales). Scores are summed to get a final score that ranges from 20 to 100. Higher scores indicate more anger.
What is the right analysis for this research question and study?
The research question is: “Do higher temperatures make people angrier when they are frustrated?”
A researcher recruits 60 people to a study. Participants are randomly allocated to a cold room (temperature in the room is set to 13°C), a warm room (temperature in the room is set to 21°C), or a hot room (temperature in the room is set to 35°C). Participants are asked to solve anagrams; for example, given scrambled letters like “CATTISSSIT” and asked to unscramble them to form a word. Unbeknownst to the participants, the anagrams are unsolvable; that is, there is never a correct answer. After 10 minutes, they are asked to complete the state version of the State-Trait Anger Inventory. This includes a number of statements all indicating the extent to which one feels angry at the moment (rated on 1 [not all all] to 5 [very much so] scales). Scores are summed to get a final score that ranges from 20 to 100. Higher scores indicate more anger.
What is the right analysis for this research question and study?
The research question is: “Do higher temperatures make people angrier when they are frustrated?”
A researcher recruits 60 people to a study. Participants are randomly allocated to a cold room (temperature in the room is set to 13°C), a warm room (temperature in the room is set to 21°C), or a hot room (temperature in the room is set to 35°C). Participants are asked to solve unsolvable anagrams. Unbeknownst to the participants, the anagrams are unsolvable; that is, there is never a correct answer. They do this for 30 minutes. To obtain a measure of anger, the participants’ behaviour is watched surreptitiously by an independent observer who classifies the person as angry or not angry.
What is the right analysis for this research question and study?
The research question is: “Do higher temperatures make people angrier when they are frustrated?”
A researcher recruits 60 people to a study. Participants are randomly allocated to a cold room (temperature in the room is set to 13°C), a warm room (temperature in the room is set to 21°C), or a hot room (temperature in the room is set to 35°C). Participants are asked to solve unsolvable anagrams. Unbeknownst to the participants, the anagrams are unsolvable; that is, there is never a correct answer. They do this for 30 minutes. To obtain a measure of anger, the participants’ behaviour is watched surreptitiously by an independent observer who classifies the person as angry or not angry.
What is the right analysis for this research question and study?
Participants were randomly allocated to one of three mood conditions (happy, neutral, sad). For the mood manipulation, let us assume you have created a good mood manipulation that has been shown to be effective. All you need know is that participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups (happy, sad, neutral mood) and, as stated above, the mood manipulations were effective.
After the mood manipulation, participants completed a further task to measure vigilance. Participants watched a computer screen that had a a constant pattern of white dots pass across the screen at varying speeds and either horizontally from left to right or diagonally from either the upper of lower left corner. From time to time and at random intervals a black dot or a red dot would appear in this pattern of dots. The participant was asked to push a button only when a black dot appeared. If they missed a black dot or pressed the button when a red dot (or only white dots appeared), an error was recorded. The task took 30 minutes and in this time, 250 black dot and 180 red dots passed the screen along with 1,500 white dots. The vigilance task performance measure was total_errors made during the task.
After completing the vigilance task, participants were asked three open-ended questions about how they tackled the task. Three experts on information processing coded the responses from participants and classified them as either engaging in systematic or heuristic processing.
Participants were randomly allocated to one of three mood conditions (happy, neutral, sad). For the mood manipulation, let us assume you have created a good mood manipulation that has been shown to be effective. All you need know is that participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups (happy, sad, neutral mood) and, as stated above, the mood manipulations were effective.
After the mood manipulation, participants completed a further task to measure vigilance. Participants watched a computer screen that had a a constant pattern of white dots pass across the screen at varying speeds and either horizontally from left to right or diagonally from either the upper of lower left corner. From time to time and at random intervals a black dot or a red dot would appear in this pattern of dots. The participant was asked to push a button only when a black dot appeared. If they missed a black dot or pressed the button when a red dot (or only white dots appeared), an error was recorded. The task took 30 minutes and in this time, 250 black dot and 180 red dots passed the screen along with 1,500 white dots. The vigilance task performance measure was total_errors made during the task.
After completing the vigilance task, participants were asked three open-ended questions about how they tackled the task. Three experts on information processing coded the responses from participants and classified them as either engaging in systematic or heuristic processing.
WHAT ANSWER IS RIGHT?
Suppose we want to compare the effectiveness of two different teaching methods (Method A and Method B) in improving students' math test scores. We randomly select two groups of students from the same school: Group A receives instruction using Method A, while Group B receives instruction using Method B. After completing the course, we administer a math test to both groups to measure their performance.
WHAT ANSWER IS RIGHT?
Suppose we want to compare the effectiveness of two different teaching methods (Method A and Method B) in improving students' math test scores. We randomly select two groups of students from the same school: Group A receives instruction using Method A, while Group B receives instruction using Method B. After completing the course, we administer a math test to both groups to measure their performance.
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Imagine we want to investigate whether there is a relationship between gender and the preference for different genres of movies among a group of individuals. We survey 100 people and ask them to choose their favorite movie genre from a list of options: Action, Comedy, Drama, and Sci-Fi. We also record their gender as either Male or Female.
Imagine we want to investigate whether there is a relationship between gender and the preference for different genres of movies among a group of individuals. We survey 100 people and ask them to choose their favorite movie genre from a list of options: Action, Comedy, Drama, and Sci-Fi. We also record their gender as either Male or Female.
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Suppose we want to compare the effectiveness of three different diets (Diet A, Diet B, and Diet C) in terms of weight loss. We randomly select participants and assign them to one of the three diet groups. After following their respective diets for a specified period, we measure their weight loss.
Suppose we want to compare the effectiveness of three different diets (Diet A, Diet B, and Diet C) in terms of weight loss. We randomly select participants and assign them to one of the three diet groups. After following their respective diets for a specified period, we measure their weight loss.
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Imagine we want to investigate whether there is a difference in average commute times between two different routes (Route A and Route B) to a workplace. We randomly select two groups of commuters: Group A, who use Route A, and Group B, who use Route B. We collect data on their commute times over the course of a week.
Imagine we want to investigate whether there is a difference in average commute times between two different routes (Route A and Route B) to a workplace. We randomly select two groups of commuters: Group A, who use Route A, and Group B, who use Route B. We collect data on their commute times over the course of a week.
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Suppose we are conducting a study to investigate the effectiveness of a new memory enhancement technique. We recruit 20 participants and measure their memory scores before and after receiving the memory training. Each participant takes the same memory test twice: once before the training (pre-test) and once after the training (post-test).
Suppose we are conducting a study to investigate the effectiveness of a new memory enhancement technique. We recruit 20 participants and measure their memory scores before and after receiving the memory training. Each participant takes the same memory test twice: once before the training (pre-test) and once after the training (post-test).
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Suppose we are conducting a study to investigate the effect of three different exercise programs (Program A, Program B, and Program C) on participants' fitness levels. We recruit 20 participants and measure their fitness levels at three different time points: before starting the exercise program, after 4 weeks of training, and after 8 weeks of training.
Suppose we are conducting a study to investigate the effect of three different exercise programs (Program A, Program B, and Program C) on participants' fitness levels. We recruit 20 participants and measure their fitness levels at three different time points: before starting the exercise program, after 4 weeks of training, and after 8 weeks of training.
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Suppose we are interested in comparing the effectiveness of three different types of fertilizers (Fertilizer A, Fertilizer B, and Fertilizer C) in promoting plant growth. We conduct an experiment where we randomly assign 30 plants to each fertilizer group and measure their height after one month.
Suppose we are interested in comparing the effectiveness of three different types of fertilizers (Fertilizer A, Fertilizer B, and Fertilizer C) in promoting plant growth. We conduct an experiment where we randomly assign 30 plants to each fertilizer group and measure their height after one month.
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Study Notes
Research Question and Study Design
- Research question: "Do higher temperatures make people angrier when they are frustrated?"
- Study design: 60 participants are randomly allocated to a cold room (13°C), a warm room (21°C), or a hot room (35°C) to solve unsolvable anagrams for 30 minutes.
Measuring Anger
- Unbeknownst to participants, anagrams are unsolvable, and their behavior is watched surreptitiously by an independent observer to classify them as angry or not angry.
- Alternative method: Participants complete the State-Trait Anger Inventory, which includes statements indicating anger levels, rated on a scale of 1 (not at all) to 5 (very much so).
Other Study Designs
Mood Manipulation
- Participants are randomly allocated to happy, neutral, or sad mood conditions using a proven mood manipulation technique.
- After the mood manipulation, participants complete a vigilance task, watching a computer screen with a pattern of dots, and pressing a button when a black dot appears.
Vigilance Task
- Participants watch a computer screen with a pattern of dots, and press a button when a black dot appears.
- Task performance measure: Total errors made during the task.
Information Processing
- Participants' responses to open-ended questions about their task completion strategy are coded by experts as either systematic or heuristic processing.
Other Study Designs
Comparing Teaching Methods
- Two groups of students receive instruction using Method A or Method B, and their math test scores are compared.
Investigating Movie Genre Preferences
- A survey of 100 people asks about their favorite movie genre and records their gender as Male or Female.
Comparing Diets
- Participants are randomly assigned to one of three diets (Diet A, Diet B, and Diet C) to measure weight loss.
Comparing Commute Times
- Two groups of commuters use Route A or Route B, and their commute times are recorded over a week.
Memory Enhancement Study
- Participants take a memory test before and after receiving memory training, with each participant serving as their own control.
Exercise Program Study
- Participants' fitness levels are measured at three time points: before, after 4 weeks, and after 8 weeks of exercise training using one of three programs (Program A, Program B, and Program C).
Fertilizer Study
- 30 plants are randomly assigned to each fertilizer group (Fertilizer A, Fertilizer B, and Fertilizer C), and their height is measured after one month.
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