Psychology Experiment 1: Spatial Orientation

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Questions and Answers

What was the percentage of participants who placed the good animal on their dominant side when the bad animal came first?

67% (correct)

83%

50%

75%

Which method was used to analyze the association between handedness and the placement of the good and bad animals?

ANOVA

Fisher’s exact test (correct)

Regression analysis

Chi-square test

What was the result regarding handedness and the vertical task response?

Both handers preferred the good animal at the bottom.

Participants showed significant correlation between handedness and placement.

Left-handers always drew the bad animal above good.

No reliable association was found. (correct)

In the vertical task, what percentage of left-handers drew the good animal in the top box?

89% Signup and view all the answers

What significant difference was found in body-specific responses based on temporal order?

Responses did not differ significantly. Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of handedness in assessing the placement of animals?

It was irrelevant. Signup and view all the answers

How many participants reported being left-handers in the study?

14 Signup and view all the answers

What box did right-handers predominantly use for the good animal in the vertical task?

Top box Signup and view all the answers

What was the hypothesis tested regarding horizontal spatialization of valence?

It is influenced by handedness. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key difference between the horizontal and vertical conditions in the study?

The orientation of the boxes differed. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the vertical condition is true?

It served as a form of experimental control. Signup and view all the answers

According to the study, how do cultural conventions relate to vertical conditions?

They associate up with good outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What task were participants asked to perform regarding the animals?

Place animals in boxes according to their beliefs about them. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of using different cartoon characters?

To ensure perspective alignment in tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What emotional association is generally linked to upright body posture?

Positivity and good mood. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of left-handers drew the good animal in the box on the left?

71% Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Fisher’s exact test regarding handedness and left-right placement?

There was a significant correlation with a prep value of 0.99. Signup and view all the answers

What primary concept does the body-specificity hypothesis relate to in the study?

Spatialization of emotional valence. Signup and view all the answers

According to the binary logistic regression results, what was the odds ratio (OR) indicating right-handers’ likelihood to place the good animal on the right?

4.91 Signup and view all the answers

How did the majority of right-handers place the good and bad animals?

Good on the right, bad on the left. Signup and view all the answers

What was the most common interpretation of the experiment by participants during debriefing?

It was about the moral context of animals. Signup and view all the answers

How many participants guessed that the experiment related to handedness?

1 Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary method used to establish handedness in participants?

Surreptitious observation of handwriting. Signup and view all the answers

What factor accounted for the majority of variance in results regarding handedness measures?

Writing hand. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the questionnaire administered to participants?

To assess the characteristics of job candidates for hiring. Signup and view all the answers

How many participants were involved in the study?

371 Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of participants showed either a rightward or leftward preference?

73% Signup and view all the answers

In the study, how were the candidates' descriptions organized on the page?

Arranged in columns on the left and right sides Signup and view all the answers

What was the handedness distribution among the participants?

371 right-handers and 50 left-handers Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of participants showed no preference for selecting items?

27% Signup and view all the answers

Among the participants showing a directional preference, which group attributed positive characteristics more frequently to the left side?

Left-handers Signup and view all the answers

What was excluded from further analysis in the study?

Data from participants with no preference in selections. Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive link is proposed to exist between height and happiness through linguistic expressions?

A correlation resulting from linguistic assimilation of space and valence. Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested to influence the mental metaphor of 'Good Is Up'?

Correlations from perceptuomotor and emotional experiences and linguistic/cultural conventions. Signup and view all the answers

What might cause individuals to associate good things with their dominant side?

Fluency in perceptuomotor interactions on their dominant side. Signup and view all the answers

What does the body-specificity hypothesis distinguish?

The influences of bodily experiences from cultural experiences in mapping space to valence. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as a contributor to the formation of the 'Good Is Up' metaphor?

The impact of laziness on emotional experience. Signup and view all the answers

In which region is there an exception to the 'left is bad' general rule regarding spatial valence?

United States and some European countries. Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning does Hebb refer to in the development of these mental metaphors?

Correlational learning. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between perceptuomotor fluency and affective judgments?

Increases in perceptuomotor fluency relate to positive affective judgments. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Experiment 1: Horizontal Condition

The horizontal condition tested the relationship between spatial orientation (left/right) and valence (good/bad)
The hypothesis was that right- and left-handers would demonstrate opposite preferences for good and bad animals placed on the left and right sides if the spatialization of valence is body-specific.
This was compared to the prediction of a universal "Good Is Right" preference, which was suggested by linguistic and cultural conventions.

Experiment 1: Vertical Condition

The vertical condition served as a control, examining the association between vertical spatial orientation (top/bottom) and valence (good/bad).
Both right- and left-handers were expected to place the good animal on top and the bad animal on the bottom, due to shared linguistic and cultural associations of "up" with positive valence.

Experiment 1 Results

In the horizontal condition, right-handers showed a "Good Is Right" preference with a majority placing the good animal on the right side. Left-handers showed a reversed preference with a majority placing the good animal on the left side.
In the vertical condition, both left-handers and right-handers showed a "Good Is Up" preference, with the majority of participants placing the good animal in the top box and the bad animal in the bottom box.

Experiment 2: Horizontal Condition

This experiment replicated the horizontal condition from Experiment 1 to confirm previous findings.
The task was to associate good and bad animal characteristics with a specific box.
Participants again showed a significant correlation between handedness and the left–right placement of good and bad animals, with similar results to Experiment 1. Right-handers were more likely to place good on the right side, and left-handers were more likely to place good on the left side.

Experiment 3: Job and Shopping Task:

This experiment aimed to see if the "Good Is Right" or "Good Is Left" preference would manifest in a real-life scenario.
Participants were given a task involving choosing candidates for jobs or products for a shopping task.
Participants were categorized in terms of showing either a rightward or leftward preference for positive characteristics, or no preference.
The majority of left-handers showed a leftward preference (attributing positive characteristics to people or products on the left side of the page).
A majority of right-handers showed a rightward preference, attributing positive characteristics to people or products on the right side of the page.

Discussion

The results of these experiments suggest that body-specificity plays a role in the spatialization of valence in left-handers.
Left-handers exhibit a reversed preference for good and bad relative to right-handers, possibly due to lifelong experiences with their non-dominant side.
This study proposes that the "Good Is Right" and "Good Is Left" mental metaphors develop through correlational learning, where individuals associate good with the side of space they interact with more fluently (dominant side).
This proposal is consistent with other studies demonstrating a link between perceptuomotor fluency and positive affective judgements.

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Description

This quiz explores the findings from Experiment 1, which investigated the relationship between spatial orientation and valence. It covers both the horizontal and vertical conditions, detailing hypotheses and results concerning right- and left-handers' preferences for good and bad animals. Test your understanding of the experiments and their implications in psychology.