Podcast
Questions and Answers
What principle did the telephone adapt from telegraphy?
What principle did the telephone adapt from telegraphy?
Which type of convergence involves the merging of Internet companies with traditional media companies?
Which type of convergence involves the merging of Internet companies with traditional media companies?
What is a characteristic of centralized media organizations?
What is a characteristic of centralized media organizations?
What change occurs in cultural convergence regarding audience participation?
What change occurs in cultural convergence regarding audience participation?
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How do digital media affect traditional technologies?
How do digital media affect traditional technologies?
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What term describes individuals who grew up with digital media?
What term describes individuals who grew up with digital media?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the 24/7 media environment?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the 24/7 media environment?
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What does User-Generated Content (UGC) enable audiences to do?
What does User-Generated Content (UGC) enable audiences to do?
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What is 'behavioral targeting' in digital marketing?
What is 'behavioral targeting' in digital marketing?
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Which model describes the interactive nature of audience communication in the digital era?
Which model describes the interactive nature of audience communication in the digital era?
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What is a significant challenge that arises from increased digital communication?
What is a significant challenge that arises from increased digital communication?
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What best describes 'citizen journalism'?
What best describes 'citizen journalism'?
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Which term refers to the information saved on hard drives that tracks web habits?
Which term refers to the information saved on hard drives that tracks web habits?
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What distinguishes meditated interpersonal communication from traditional interpersonal communication?
What distinguishes meditated interpersonal communication from traditional interpersonal communication?
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Which of the following describes asynchronous media?
Which of the following describes asynchronous media?
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What is one of the potential drawbacks of cultural transmission in mass communication?
What is one of the potential drawbacks of cultural transmission in mass communication?
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Which function of mass communication involves providing information about societal processes and events?
Which function of mass communication involves providing information about societal processes and events?
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What potential impact does correlation in mass communication have on public opinion?
What potential impact does correlation in mass communication have on public opinion?
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Which term refers to the act of recording an audio or video event for later viewing?
Which term refers to the act of recording an audio or video event for later viewing?
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What is a potential negative effect of entertainment within mass communication?
What is a potential negative effect of entertainment within mass communication?
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What does media literacy primarily involve?
What does media literacy primarily involve?
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Which of the following best describes 'framing' in media literacy?
Which of the following best describes 'framing' in media literacy?
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How do digital media affect the distinction between interpersonal and mass communication?
How do digital media affect the distinction between interpersonal and mass communication?
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Who introduced the concept of the dual sign comprised of signifier and signified?
Who introduced the concept of the dual sign comprised of signifier and signified?
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Which medium is noted for having a sophisticated media grammar due to its long history?
Which medium is noted for having a sophisticated media grammar due to its long history?
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How does digital media's grammar evolve?
How does digital media's grammar evolve?
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What concern do contemporary researchers share regarding media?
What concern do contemporary researchers share regarding media?
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What types of techniques does radio utilize?
What types of techniques does radio utilize?
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Which aspect of film and television is highlighted as having an intricate grammar?
Which aspect of film and television is highlighted as having an intricate grammar?
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What is a distinguishing feature of magazines compared to newspapers?
What is a distinguishing feature of magazines compared to newspapers?
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What trend is increasingly critical for newspapers in the online environment?
What trend is increasingly critical for newspapers in the online environment?
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What must newspapers develop to adapt to changing revenue models?
What must newspapers develop to adapt to changing revenue models?
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Which statement is true regarding the current magazine industry?
Which statement is true regarding the current magazine industry?
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What was the role of muckrakers in the development of magazines?
What was the role of muckrakers in the development of magazines?
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What has aided reading activity in the context of magazines?
What has aided reading activity in the context of magazines?
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Which of the following describes a collaboration trend among newspapers?
Which of the following describes a collaboration trend among newspapers?
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What is a major trend regarding local news coverage in newspapers?
What is a major trend regarding local news coverage in newspapers?
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Study Notes
Telephony
- Telephony adapted telegraphy's principles adding transmission of voice
- Cell phones increased spontaneity and phone use, implementing a variety of functions
Three Types of Convergence
- The coming together of computing, telecommunications, and media in a digital environment
- Three types of convergence are economic, technological, and cultural
- Specific types of media such as print, audio, and video, converge into digital media form
Economic Convergence
- Merging of Internet or telecommunication companies with traditional media companies is Economic Convergence
- Consolidation: Traditional media companies growing smaller and much larger through mergers and acquisitions
Cultural Convergence
- Globalization of media content
- Consumption, creation, and distribution of content
- Shift from passive audience to public that produces and shares content cheaply
Implications of Convergence
Media organization
- Centralized - Functions of media--including productions, distribution, marketing, and advertising--are controlled by a single individual or unit
- Converged - Functions of media may be de-centralized via the Internet, inviting more diffuse methods of production, distribution, marketing, and advertising
Media type
- How we engage with and what constitutes media are in flux.Different media are regulated differently with other protections and restrictions
Media content
- Hyperlinks - Connect online content to other content and stories
- Digital natives grew up with digital media; digital immigrants grew up with analog media
- Digitized content - Computer-readable media transforming production cycle and process
Media use
- 24/7 media environment - the ability to always be "on" and "connected"
- Media companies need content to fill the time
- We live in a multi-screen world, although Internet access and benefits remain unequal
Media distribution
- Media is distributed globally
Media audience
- Audiences are increasingly active in media use and distribution, bypassing corporate control
- Viral Marketing: Rapid information travels through the Internet, "word-of-mouth"
- Peer-to-peer (P2P): Individual file sharing
- User-Generated content (UGC): Digital media enable audiences to develop content
Media profession
- Producers: Audiences who both use and consume contemporary media; can be both passive recipients and active creators.Convergence changing how professionals do their jobs
- Divisions among different activities fading
Attitudes and values
- The era of digital media requires learning new skills while maintaining professional ethics and standards
- Citizen journalism: Interactive relationship wherein audiences contribute to story content and/or correction
- No formal training in journalism is required
- With increased global digital communication comes increased desire for transparency and methods for gaining trust
- Confusion over traditional notions of privacy for individuals and companies
- Behavioral targeting: Advertising technique drawn from the information we readily share through our digital footprint
- Cookies: Information archived on hard drives that allow for digital tracking of our web habits.
Mass Communication in the Digital Age
- Traditional mass communication: communication to a large group or groups of people largely unknown to the sender of the message
- Traditional interpersonal communication: communication between two or more individuals, often in a small group, although it can involve communication between a live speaker and an audience
- Traditional interpersonal communication: usually interactive; flows at least two ways; tends not to be anonymous; involves both verbal and nonverbal messages
- Meditated interpersonal communication: takes place through an external medium, such as a telephone, IM, text, chatroom, or Twitter; visual cues are often absent; online medium blurs lines between interpersonal and mass communication
- Mass Media: technological means of communicating between large numbers of people distributed widely over space or time
- In the traditional model, content creators represent and define reality
- Synchronous media: audiences assemble simultaneously for broadcast, transmission, or event, such as live TV or radio
- Asynchronous media: audiences can attend on their own time, such as with printed materials or recorded audio or video
- Timeshift: recording of an audio or video event for later
- Digital media blur lines between interpersonal and mass communication, each adopting characteristics of the other
- Examples include email, weblogs, Twitter
- Mass communication entertainment and information generate interaction and conversation
Functions of Mass Communication
- Surveillance
- Correlation
- Cultural transmission
- Entertainment
Surveillance
- Information about processes, issues, events, and other developments in society, primarily connected to journalism
- Potential that too much bad news promotes skewed or apathetic responses
Correlation
- Media interpretation of events and issues that help individuals understand roles within larger society
- Journalism, advertising, and PR help shape public opinion; media can help maintain social stability
- Potential to thwart change and favor interests
Cultural Transmission
- Transference of dominant culture and subculture(s) from one generation to the next or to immigrants
- Includes socialization, which helps people learn the rules of society
- Potential for a homogenized culture that promotes mindless consumption
Entertainment
- Function performed by other three activities and content designed specifically to entertain
- Potential to encourage lowbrow entertainment and escapism
- Potential to perpetuate stereotypes
Media Literacy
- The process of critically analyzing media content
- Including its particular presentation
- Underlying political or social messages
- Media ownership or regulation
Ferdinand de Saussure
- Dual sign comprised of signifier (form) and signified (what form represents)
Rene Magritte's "This is not a pipe"
- Example of how a sign (the image) can be interpreted based on its signifier and signified
Umberto Eco
- Framing:
- Particular presentation and communication of message influences our perception of it.
- Audiences must classify, organize, and interpret media information
- Frameworks, or schemas, simplify the complex
- Like signs, frames appear natural and often go unquestioned.
Media Grammar
- Medium's underlying rules, structures, and patterns that influence audience use and understanding
Print Media
- Sophisticated media grammar because of long history
- Books, newspapers, and magazines
Radio and Recorded Music
- Radio: Audio techniques include volume changes, multiple audio tracks, actualities, sound effects, and voice-overs
- Record music - Particular stylistic conventions include song length and music formats
Film and Television
- Intricate media grammar based on editing, camera angles, lighting, movement, and sound
- The film uses cross-cut scenes to tell more complex and dramatic stories
- TV uses film techniques with smaller production budgets
- Different TV genres have different grammars
Digital Media
- Media grammar evolves without communication devices.Digital adopts traditional forms while creating new ways for us to interact with media
- The grammar of mobile and social networking media has become increasingly important.
Newspapers
- Six major trends
- More newspaper executives are outsiders with little appreciation or understanding of industries unique aspects
- Digital subscriptions models will likely need to offer drastic incentives
- Understanding and measuring audiences increasingly critical in online world
- Local coverage is increasingly important
- Smaller but more numerous revenue streams need to be developed
- Collaborations with other media outlets must occur to offer a complex mix of media that includes print newspapers
Magazines
- Distinctive functions of magazines are surveillance, correlation, entertainment, and marketing
- Longer treatment of topics
- Published at regular but less frequent intervals
- Higher-quality, paper such as glossy magazines
History of Magazines to Today
- Early histories of magazines and newspapers interwoven
- Overlapping technological, business, and journalistic/entertainment functions helped spur development of modern mass media
- 19th-century magazines helped young America define itself and reach nationwide audience
- Muckrakers pioneered investigative reporting of corrupt practices in government and business
- Specialized magazines supplant general-interest publications to compete with TV for adventures in the 1950s
Current magazine-industry issues
- As of 2020, there were about 7,400 print consumer magazines on various topics in the U.S., the highest since 2009
Sales and Readership of Magazines
- Contemporary magazines increasingly subject to ownership consolidation and media concentration
- Established magazine moving to online-only editions
- Hundreds of new magazines titles are published every year, but most do not survive more than two years
Outlook for Magazines
- Relatively large screens and high resolution have helped increase reading activity, even longer-form content
- Print magazines both expensive to produce and environmentally friendly
- Type of magazine content may not change much, but the way in which we see it will
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Description
Explore the principles of telephony and the three types of convergence: economic, technological, and cultural. This quiz delves into how traditional media and telecommunications intersect in a digital landscape, affecting global content consumption and production. Test your knowledge on these critical topics in modern media!
