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Questions and Answers
What principle did the telephone adapt from telegraphy?
Which type of convergence involves the merging of Internet companies with traditional media companies?
What is a characteristic of centralized media organizations?
What change occurs in cultural convergence regarding audience participation?
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How do digital media affect traditional technologies?
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What term describes individuals who grew up with digital media?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the 24/7 media environment?
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What does User-Generated Content (UGC) enable audiences to do?
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What is 'behavioral targeting' in digital marketing?
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Which model describes the interactive nature of audience communication in the digital era?
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What is a significant challenge that arises from increased digital communication?
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What best describes 'citizen journalism'?
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Which term refers to the information saved on hard drives that tracks web habits?
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What distinguishes meditated interpersonal communication from traditional interpersonal communication?
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Which of the following describes asynchronous media?
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What is one of the potential drawbacks of cultural transmission in mass communication?
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Which function of mass communication involves providing information about societal processes and events?
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What potential impact does correlation in mass communication have on public opinion?
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Which term refers to the act of recording an audio or video event for later viewing?
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What is a potential negative effect of entertainment within mass communication?
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What does media literacy primarily involve?
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Which of the following best describes 'framing' in media literacy?
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How do digital media affect the distinction between interpersonal and mass communication?
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Who introduced the concept of the dual sign comprised of signifier and signified?
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Which medium is noted for having a sophisticated media grammar due to its long history?
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How does digital media's grammar evolve?
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What concern do contemporary researchers share regarding media?
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What types of techniques does radio utilize?
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Which aspect of film and television is highlighted as having an intricate grammar?
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What is a distinguishing feature of magazines compared to newspapers?
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What trend is increasingly critical for newspapers in the online environment?
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What must newspapers develop to adapt to changing revenue models?
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Which statement is true regarding the current magazine industry?
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What was the role of muckrakers in the development of magazines?
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What has aided reading activity in the context of magazines?
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Which of the following describes a collaboration trend among newspapers?
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What is a major trend regarding local news coverage in newspapers?
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Study Notes
Telephony
- Telephony adapted telegraphy's principles adding transmission of voice
- Cell phones increased spontaneity and phone use, implementing a variety of functions
Three Types of Convergence
- The coming together of computing, telecommunications, and media in a digital environment
- Three types of convergence are economic, technological, and cultural
- Specific types of media such as print, audio, and video, converge into digital media form
Economic Convergence
- Merging of Internet or telecommunication companies with traditional media companies is Economic Convergence
- Consolidation: Traditional media companies growing smaller and much larger through mergers and acquisitions
Cultural Convergence
- Globalization of media content
- Consumption, creation, and distribution of content
- Shift from passive audience to public that produces and shares content cheaply
Implications of Convergence
Media organization
- Centralized - Functions of media--including productions, distribution, marketing, and advertising--are controlled by a single individual or unit
- Converged - Functions of media may be de-centralized via the Internet, inviting more diffuse methods of production, distribution, marketing, and advertising
Media type
- How we engage with and what constitutes media are in flux.Different media are regulated differently with other protections and restrictions
Media content
- Hyperlinks - Connect online content to other content and stories
- Digital natives grew up with digital media; digital immigrants grew up with analog media
- Digitized content - Computer-readable media transforming production cycle and process
Media use
- 24/7 media environment - the ability to always be "on" and "connected"
- Media companies need content to fill the time
- We live in a multi-screen world, although Internet access and benefits remain unequal
Media distribution
- Media is distributed globally
Media audience
- Audiences are increasingly active in media use and distribution, bypassing corporate control
- Viral Marketing: Rapid information travels through the Internet, "word-of-mouth"
- Peer-to-peer (P2P): Individual file sharing
- User-Generated content (UGC): Digital media enable audiences to develop content
Media profession
- Producers: Audiences who both use and consume contemporary media; can be both passive recipients and active creators.Convergence changing how professionals do their jobs
- Divisions among different activities fading
Attitudes and values
- The era of digital media requires learning new skills while maintaining professional ethics and standards
- Citizen journalism: Interactive relationship wherein audiences contribute to story content and/or correction
- No formal training in journalism is required
- With increased global digital communication comes increased desire for transparency and methods for gaining trust
- Confusion over traditional notions of privacy for individuals and companies
- Behavioral targeting: Advertising technique drawn from the information we readily share through our digital footprint
- Cookies: Information archived on hard drives that allow for digital tracking of our web habits.
Mass Communication in the Digital Age
- Traditional mass communication: communication to a large group or groups of people largely unknown to the sender of the message
- Traditional interpersonal communication: communication between two or more individuals, often in a small group, although it can involve communication between a live speaker and an audience
- Traditional interpersonal communication: usually interactive; flows at least two ways; tends not to be anonymous; involves both verbal and nonverbal messages
- Meditated interpersonal communication: takes place through an external medium, such as a telephone, IM, text, chatroom, or Twitter; visual cues are often absent; online medium blurs lines between interpersonal and mass communication
- Mass Media: technological means of communicating between large numbers of people distributed widely over space or time
- In the traditional model, content creators represent and define reality
- Synchronous media: audiences assemble simultaneously for broadcast, transmission, or event, such as live TV or radio
- Asynchronous media: audiences can attend on their own time, such as with printed materials or recorded audio or video
- Timeshift: recording of an audio or video event for later
- Digital media blur lines between interpersonal and mass communication, each adopting characteristics of the other
- Examples include email, weblogs, Twitter
- Mass communication entertainment and information generate interaction and conversation
Functions of Mass Communication
- Surveillance
- Correlation
- Cultural transmission
- Entertainment
Surveillance
- Information about processes, issues, events, and other developments in society, primarily connected to journalism
- Potential that too much bad news promotes skewed or apathetic responses
Correlation
- Media interpretation of events and issues that help individuals understand roles within larger society
- Journalism, advertising, and PR help shape public opinion; media can help maintain social stability
- Potential to thwart change and favor interests
Cultural Transmission
- Transference of dominant culture and subculture(s) from one generation to the next or to immigrants
- Includes socialization, which helps people learn the rules of society
- Potential for a homogenized culture that promotes mindless consumption
Entertainment
- Function performed by other three activities and content designed specifically to entertain
- Potential to encourage lowbrow entertainment and escapism
- Potential to perpetuate stereotypes
Media Literacy
- The process of critically analyzing media content
- Including its particular presentationÂ
- Underlying political or social messages
- Media ownership or regulation
Ferdinand de Saussure
- Dual sign comprised of signifier (form) and signified (what form represents)
Rene Magritte's "This is not a pipe"
- Example of how a sign (the image) can be interpreted based on its signifier and signified
Umberto Eco
- Framing:
- Particular presentation and communication of message influences our perception of it.
- Audiences must classify, organize, and interpret media information
- Frameworks, or schemas, simplify the complex
- Like signs, frames appear natural and often go unquestioned.
Media Grammar
- Medium's underlying rules, structures, and patterns that influence audience use and understanding
Print Media
- Sophisticated media grammar because of long history
- Books, newspapers, and magazines
Radio and Recorded Music
- Radio: Audio techniques include volume changes, multiple audio tracks, actualities, sound effects, and voice-overs
- Record music - Particular stylistic conventions include song length and music formats
Film and Television
- Intricate media grammar based on editing, camera angles, lighting, movement, and sound
- The film uses cross-cut scenes to tell more complex and dramatic stories
- TV uses film techniques with smaller production budgets
- Different TV genres have different grammars
Digital Media
- Media grammar evolves without communication devices.Digital adopts traditional forms while creating new ways for us to interact with media
- The grammar of mobile and social networking media has become increasingly important.
Newspapers
- Six major trends
- More newspaper executives are outsiders with little appreciation or understanding of industries unique aspects
- Digital subscriptions models will likely need to offer drastic incentives
- Understanding and measuring audiences increasingly critical in online world
- Local coverage is increasingly important
- Smaller but more numerous revenue streams need to be developed
- Collaborations with other media outlets must occur to offer a complex mix of media that includes print newspapers
Magazines
- Distinctive functions of magazines are surveillance, correlation, entertainment, and marketing
- Longer treatment of topics
- Published at regular but less frequent intervals
- Higher-quality, paper such as glossy magazines
History of Magazines to Today
- Early histories of magazines and newspapers interwoven
- Overlapping technological, business, and journalistic/entertainment functions helped spur development of modern mass media
- 19th-century magazines helped young America define itself and reach nationwide audience
- Muckrakers pioneered investigative reporting of corrupt practices in government and business
- Specialized magazines supplant general-interest publications to compete with TV for adventures in the 1950s
Current magazine-industry issues
- As of 2020, there were about 7,400 print consumer magazines on various topics in the U.S., the highest since 2009
Sales and Readership of Magazines
- Contemporary magazines increasingly subject to ownership consolidation and media concentration
- Established magazine moving to online-only editions
- Hundreds of new magazines titles are published every year, but most do not survive more than two years
Outlook for Magazines
- Relatively large screens and high resolution have helped increase reading activity, even longer-form content
- Print magazines both expensive to produce and environmentally friendly
- Type of magazine content may not change much, but the way in which we see it will
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Description
Explore the principles of telephony and the three types of convergence: economic, technological, and cultural. This quiz delves into how traditional media and telecommunications intersect in a digital landscape, affecting global content consumption and production. Test your knowledge on these critical topics in modern media!
