Take-off Weight Factors in Aviation

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What factors are included in the scheduled landing field lengths for automatic landings?

Only wind conditions

Touchdown dispersal, landing speed increase, ILS glideslope, displaced threshold, and wind (correct)

Touchdown dispersal and ILS glideslope

Displaced threshold and actual braking performance

What does the automatic landing ground roll distance typically account for?

130% of actual maximum braking performance distances

75% of actual maximum braking performance distances

115% of actual maximum braking performance distances (correct)

100% of actual maximum braking performance distances

According to Article 29 of the AN(HK)O, what must an aircraft comply with to fly for public transport?

Only the aircraft’s weight specification

Weight and related performance and specified meteorological conditions (correct)

Pilot training regulations exclusively

Compliance with only local weather conditions

What should be the basis for assessing an aircraft’s ability to comply with specified performance requirements?

Performance information in the certificate of airworthiness Signup and view all the answers

What condition is NOT permissible for an aircraft registered in Hong Kong to operate for public transport?

Operating without meeting weight performance requirements Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a headwind have on take-off performance?

Shortens acceleration distance and stopping distance Signup and view all the answers

How does a downhill slope on the runway affect the regulated take-off weight?

Results in an increase in regulated take-off weight Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of larger flap settings on take-off distance?

Decreases the take-off distance required Signup and view all the answers

What happens when air-conditioning packs are turned off during take-off?

Increases the regulated take-off weight Signup and view all the answers

What limitation might arise from a higher take-off thrust in the presence of engine failure?

Reduction in Vmcg limited weight Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition is regulated take-off weight limited by Vmcg?

When braking forces are diminished Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes a contaminated runway?

A runway with standing water, slush, or loose snow Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the regulated take-off weight?

Temperature of the air Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum margin allowed for an aeroplane to maintain its intended track when using navigation aids?

5 nautical miles Signup and view all the answers

Which factor determines the scheduled dry landing field lengths for aeroplanes?

Standard temperatures and operational limits Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to determine scheduled wet landing field lengths?

Scheduled dry lengths multiplied by 1.15 Signup and view all the answers

What must the landing weight not exceed according to various requirements?

The maximum structural landing weight Signup and view all the answers

Which speed is known as the certification final approach speed at 50 feet above the threshold?

1.23 Vs1g Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum factor that must be applied to the scheduled wet landing field lengths?

1.15 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT used in establishing landing distance data?

Reverse thrust Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated as the criterion for scheduled landing field lengths in relation to the LDA?

Must be no more than LDA Signup and view all the answers

What does 'the emergency distance available' refer to?

The distance from take-off to the closest point that allows for an emergency stop. Signup and view all the answers

What determines the 'take-off distance available'?

The distance to the nearest obstacle that may affect safety during take-off. Signup and view all the answers

In relation to an aircraft, what does 'specified' refer to?

Details found in the aircraft's certificate of airworthiness or related documents. Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as 'the landing distance available'?

The distance from the point of landing to the nearest surface that cannot support the aircraft. Signup and view all the answers

How is 'the take-off run available' defined?

The distance from the launch point to the nearest obstacle that could impede take-off safety. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'the landing distance available'?

The distance closed to any surface that cannot support the aircraft’s weight upon landing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of specifying the concept of 'emergency distance available'?

To ensure an emergency landing can occur safely and effectively. Signup and view all the answers

Which document is most relevant to determining what is 'specified' for an aircraft?

The certificate of airworthiness. Signup and view all the answers

What must the landing weight of the aeroplane not exceed?

The maximum landing weight specified for the altitude and air temperature Signup and view all the answers

In turbine-jet powered aeroplanes, landing distance required must not exceed which of the following?

The landing distance available on the most suitable runway for a landing in still air conditions Signup and view all the answers

What does the requirement for landing distance consider when landing in forecast wind conditions?

The runway that may be required for landing considering wind conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is stated regarding landing distances for aeroplanes powered by turbine propeller or piston engines?

The landing distances must not exceed those available at the destination and alternate aerodromes Signup and view all the answers

If an alternate aerodrome is designated in the flight plan, how is the landing distance assessed?

It may be based on the alternate aerodrome's specific requirements Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Wind

Headwind decreases take-off and landing distances, resulting in a higher regulated take-off weight.
Tailwind increases take-off and landing distances, resulting in a lower regulated take-off weight.

Runway Slope

Upward slope increases take-off distance, resulting in a lower regulated take-off weight.
Downward slope decreases take-off distance, resulting in a higher regulated take-off weight.

Flaps Setting

Larger flap settings decrease take-off distance required.

Air Conditioning Packs On/Off

Turning off air conditioning packs increases thrust, resulting in a higher regulated take-off weight.

Thrust

Higher thrust generally results in a higher regulated take-off weight.
However, when take-off weight is limited by Vmcg, higher engine power increases turning moment if an engine fails.
This results in a higher Vmcg speed, which reduces the Vmcg limited weight.

Braking Force

Reduced braking force due to contaminated runways or unserviceable equipment increases stopping distance.
This requires a lower VI (take-off speed) to compensate for longer stopping distances.
In this case, the regulated take-off weight may be limited by Vmcg.

Contaminants

A runway is considered contaminated when more than 25% of the required runway surface area is covered by standing water over 3 mm deep, slush, or loose snow equivalent to more than 3 mm of water.

Twin-Engine Aeroplane Requirements

Detailed ETOPS (Extended Range Twin Operations) requirements are outlined in CAD 513.

Landing Performance

Landing weight is limited by the most restrictive of the following factors:
- Landing distance available at destination or alternate airports
- Maximum approach and landing climb weight for airport altitude and temperature
- Maximum structural landing weight

Landing Field Length

Scheduled landing field lengths are based on standard temperatures and level, smooth, hard-surfaced runways.
Scheduled dry landing field lengths are calculated from maximum performance landing distances, divided by a factor of 0.6 for turbo-jet powered aeroplanes or 0.7 for turbo-propeller powered aeroplanes.
Scheduled wet landing field lengths are calculated by multiplying dry landing field lengths by 1.15.
The scheduled landing field lengths must not exceed the LDA (Landing Distance Available) declared by the appropriate authority.
Landing distances include correction factors for up to 50% headwind, or at least 150% tailwind.

Automatic Landing

Scheduled landing field lengths for automatic landings include the effects of touchdown dispersal, increased landing speeds, ILS glideslope, displaced threshold, and wind.
Automatic landing ground roll distances are usually based on 115% of maximum braking performance distances.

Performance Group A Aeroplanes

Performance Group A aeroplanes are subject to specific weight and performance requirements as outlined in the AN(HK)O.
The AN(HK)O defines various terms relevant to aircraft performance and safety, including:
- Emergency distance available
- Landing distance available
- Take-off distance available
- Take-off run available
The AN(HK)O requires that the landing weight of a Performance Group A aeroplane does not exceed the maximum landing weight specified for the airport altitude and expected air temperature at the intended landing time and any alternate aerodrome.
The AN(HK)O also sets specific landing distance requirements for Performance Group A aeroplanes based on the aircraft type (turbine-jet, propeller-powered).
The AN(HK)O outlines the criteria for selecting the most suitable runway for landing based on wind conditions.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz explores the various factors affecting regulated take-off weight in aviation, including wind effects, runway slope, flaps setting, thrust, and braking force. Test your knowledge on how these factors influence take-off distances and weight limitations during flight preparation.