تعليم وشرط كلاسيكي

Learning & Conditioning

• Learning is a lasting change in behavior due to experience.
• Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally triggers a response.
• A neutral stimulus, after repeated pairings with a stimulus that naturally triggers a response, becomes a conditioned stimulus, triggering a conditioned response.
• Pavlov's experiments demonstrated classical conditioning using dogs, food, and a bell.

Classical Conditioning

• A previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with a different stimulus.
• This association leads to a learned response.
• This is a type of associative learning.

Pavlov's Experiments

• Unconditioned stimulus (US): Naturally triggers a response (e.g., food).
• Unconditioned response (UR): The natural response to the US (e.g., salivation).
• Neutral stimulus (NS): A stimulus that initially does not trigger a response (e.g., a bell).
• Conditioned stimulus (CS): The previously neutral stimulus, after repeated pairings with the US, now triggers a response (e.g., the bell).
• Conditioned response (CR): The learned response to the CS (e.g., salivation).
• Classical conditioning involves repeatedly pairing the NS with the US until the NS becomes the CS and triggers the CR.

Stimulus Generalization

• A tendency for stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus (CS) to also elicit a conditioned response (CR).

Stimulus Discrimination

• A tendency for stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus (CS) to not elicit a conditioned response (CR) when they are not followed by a unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Extinction

• The conditioned response (CR) gradually diminishes if the unconditioned stimulus (US) is omitted.

Higher-Order Conditioning

• A neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus by being paired with an existing conditioned stimulus.

Instrumental/Operant Conditioning

• Learning through the consequences of actions.
• Thorndike's law of effect: Behaviors followed by favorable consequences are strengthened; behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences are weakened.
• Skinner's experiments used reinforcement and punishment.
• Reinforcements either consist of an addition of a wanted stimulus or removal of an unwanted one. This increases the chance of wanted behavior
• Punishments are either consisting addition of an unwanted stimulus or removal of a wanted stimulus. This decreases the chance of the unwanted behavior.