Lecture 10 PDF

11/17/2024 Learning & Conditioning ‘Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs due to experience’ Classical Conditioning 1 2...

11/17/2024 Learning & Conditioning ‘Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs due to experience’ Classical Conditioning 1 2 Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s experiments (1890s) Unconditioned stimulus (US) – food Classical conditioning Unconditioned response (UR) – salivation Learning process in which previously neutral Neutral stimulus (NS) – unrelated event, e.g. light on stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus through repeated pairing with that During conditioning, pair presentation of food with light stimulus After number pairings, dog will salivate when light is on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jd7Jdug5S Rc (only to min 2:44) Conditioned stimulus (CS) – light Conditioned response (CR) – salivation 3 4  11/17/2024 Classical Conditioning 5 6 Classical Conditioning Stimulus generalization circle to an ellipse Extinction – CR gradually diminishes if US omitted https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI 2.55mins Stimulus generalisation – tendency for stimuli similar to a CS to also elicit a CR Stimulus discrimination tendency for stimuli similar to a CS to stop eliciting a CR when they are not followed by a UCS. 7 8  11/17/2024 ‘Generalization’ Stimulus Discrimination The little albert experiment by Watson and Rayner (1920) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyE Shenger- Krestovnika (1921) 9 10 Classical Conditioning Higher-order conditioning – possible to condition participant to produce CR to novel stimulus by pairing novel stimulus to CS repeatedly even though novel stimulus never paired with US https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIBxmVIEV6E 11 12  11/17/2024 Operant/Instrumental Conditioning Instrumental conditioning Operant/Instrumental Conditioning Involves learning the relationship between responses and their outcomes Thorndike carried out experiments where https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6LEcM0E0io animals engaged in trial-and-error learning where behavior strengthened if immediately followed by reward (law of effect) 13 14 Instrumental conditioning (Thorndike) Instrumental Conditioning Skinner’s experiments Skinner’s experiments involved putting a hungry animal in box which is bare except for a bar with food dish under. Acquisition & extinction – each time the bar is pressed food is released which results in frequent pressing of the bar. If food stops being released then similar extinction of response, as in classical conditioning. 15 16  11/17/2024 Instrumental Conditioning https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ne6o-uPJarA Give the ipad Give a hard homework ‫منفر‬ Remove a hard homework Remove the ipad 17