AOS: Lesson 6 - Distributed Objects and Middleware

The Spring Operating System was designed to support a component-based architecture for developing complex software systems and is used as a network operating system in local area networks.

The Cornell experiment argued for a component-based design to alleviate challenges in developing complex software, which influenced the Spring Operating System's architecture.

Yousef Khalidi was one of the chief architects of the Spring Operating System and developed the cloud's distributing operating system during his PhD work.

<p>Later on, Spring was marketed as Sun's Solaris operating system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Spring Operating System employs distributed object technology to enhance scalability and manage services in a parallel system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Continuous and incremental evolution allows the Spring Operating System to adapt to changing requirements and improve functionality and performance over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The client-server paradigm refers to a distributed computing model where client applications request services from centralized servers, which provide the necessary resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Object technology provides a structuring tool that facilitates the scalability of operating system services, allowing for modular and maintainable system design.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Yousef heads Microsoft's Azure Cloud Computing product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marketplace demand and the presence of legacy applications make it less viable to create a new OS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Spring system innovates internally while keeping the external interface similar to UNIX.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procedural design has shared and global state, while object-based design encapsulates state within objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It offers strong interfaces and complete isolation of object state from other objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>APIs allow third-party vendors to develop software that integrates with the operating system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help to completely isolate an object's state from other entities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Object orientation can incur performance costs due to border crossings between protection domains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preserving good features ensures reliability and compatibility for existing applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Go for innovation under the covers while keeping the external interface constant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to state being scattered across different subsystems and global variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may introduce performance overhead due to additional layers of abstraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It aimed to implement a high-performance operating system kernel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sun Microsystems dominated between 1980 and 2005.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strong interfaces expose only the services of a subsystem while keeping the implementation details hidden and changeable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extensibility allows for the integration of third-party software and various programming languages without compromising the system's integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IDL allows developers to define interfaces that can be used by third-party vendors to create compatible subsystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nucleus provides abstractions for threads and interprocess communication (IPC) within the operating system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A door acts as a software capability that allows access to a domain's entry points for object invocations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Threads execute within a domain, which acts as a container similar to a Unix process, managing resources and execution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A client uses a door handle, similar to a file descriptor, to access and invoke the entry points available in a target domain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The microkernel approach allows for modularity and independence of components, enhancing the system's flexibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Being 'open' implies that the system allows integration with third-party software and does not restrict implementation to a single programming language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The network proxy enables machine connections and interactions, facilitating the transition to a network operating system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The virtual memory manager provides memory management capabilities essential for resource allocation and efficiency in processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spring's design relies on object orientation by emphasizing service invocations on objects through clearly defined interfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Spring system integrates multiple service components like display managers and protocol stacks, addressing diverse desktop requirements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A file server might define entry points such as 'open file,' 'read file,' and 'write file' as doors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This significance lies in the flexibility it provides to use various languages and technologies, enhancing compatibility and innovation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The door table provides access to various entry points in a target domain, allowing the domain to make object invocations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A door acts as a pointer to a C++ object that represents the target domain and can be passed between domains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nucleus checks permissions and allocates a server thread on the target domain to execute invocations indicated by a door handle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The client thread is deactivated while the invocation is executed in the target domain, and then reactivated after completion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spring uses network proxies to facilitate object invocation between client and server domains across the network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proxy A is on the server node and exports a network handle to Proxy B on the client node for communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proxies are transparent to clients and servers, meaning they do not realize whether they are communicating on the same machine or via a network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple clients can access the same door because it represents shared entry points to resources, like a file system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Object-oriented design helps in structuring the operating system kernel while ensuring high performance in cross-domain communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deactivating the client thread allows the system to allocate resources efficiently to the target domain for executing the procedure call.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A door handle is a small descriptor used to identify and manage the invocation process between different domains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different protocols can be employed based on the network situation, allowing better optimization for communication between client and server proxies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spring allows flexible server connections through dynamic proxy instantiation based on the client-server relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It facilitates fast cross-address space calls through the door mechanism, enabling efficient communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The network handle allows Proxy A to establish a connection with Proxy B for communication between the two nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proxy B uses the network handle from Proxy A to communicate with the server domain when the client invokes Door Y.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is significant because it illustrates how proxy layers abstract the complexities of remote invocation from the client.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The front object mediates access to the underlying object and checks client privileges via an Access Control List (ACL).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows distinct doors to be registered with the nucleus for different implementations of access control policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A client domain can pass around its software capability while deciding to grant lesser privileges than it possesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The front object checks the ACL to verify the client's privileges before allowing the invocation to proceed to the underlying object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures secure object invocation through proxies and the association of access policies in front objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The virtual memory manager is responsible for managing the linear address space of every process and breaking it into regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A client might want to limit access to only what is necessary, promoting security by restricting privileges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A memory object is an abstraction that associates a region of virtual memory with backing files or swap space on disk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Software capability allows clients to authorize and control access to objects securely across domains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple regions within the same address space can map to the same memory object, enabling efficient utilization of shared resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proxy A recognizes the request destined for the server domain through the information received via Proxy B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The connection between the front object and the underlying object is managed by the service implementer, independently of Spring's door mechanism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breaking the linear address space into regions allows for more manageable and efficient mapping to memory objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pager object is responsible for establishing the connection between virtual memory and physical memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Access control mechanisms restrict what clients can invoke based on their privileges, enhancing security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pager object creates a cached object representation in DRAM for the memory object mapped to a region of virtual memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ACL determines the rights and privileges that a client has when invoking operations on an underlying object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mapping different memory objects to the same region allows for concurrent access and sharing of resources among processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Without a network handle, Proxy B would not be able to communicate with Proxy A, disrupting remote invocations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spring innovates virtual memory management by integrating object technology and creating abstractions for efficient resource management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using multiple front objects allows for tailored access control to the underlying objects based on client needs and security policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The virtual memory manager can handle different region sizes by allowing each region to be of varying size as needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If a memory object is not in DRAM, the pager object will load it into physical memory to access the corresponding region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Access to objects can be controlled by policies set in front objects within the Spring system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows virtual regions to be associated with physical resources like backing files and swap space, enabling effective virtualization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pager objects manage the mapping between virtual memory regions and their corresponding cached representations in physical memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coherence is maintained by the respective pager objects that coordinate to manage the cached representation of shared memory objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Address space managers divide the linear address space into regions and associate these regions with different memory objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>External pagers establish mappings between virtual memory objects and their physical memory representations as cached objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The door table contains a set of capabilities for accessing doors in different domains, facilitating cross-domain calls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spring uses object technology as a fundamental structuring mechanism for the operating system, whereas Tornado employs it primarily as an optimization technique.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory objects can include swap space on disk or files mapped into specific regions of the linear address space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple pager objects allow for the management of different regions of the same address space, offering flexibility in memory management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spring operates as a network operating system where clients and servers can exist on the same machine or across different nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Object invocation enables protected procedure calls both locally and across machines, enhancing communication capabilities in networked environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Services are abstracted as objects that reside outside the kernel, accessed through doors for interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory objects are mapped to their cached representations in DRAM, allowing for efficient memory access and management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spring allows clients and servers to operate independently of their physical location in the network, promoting extensibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Object-oriented design serves as a structuring mechanism that permeates the entire operating system, organizing various functionalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Server replication increases availability and enables load distribution among multiple servers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Spring system uses a subcontract mechanism to dynamically manage the routing of client requests to appropriate servers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IDL defines the contract between the client and server, specifying how they communicate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subcontract is a mechanism that hides the runtime behavior of an object from the client, simplifying client-side stub generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subcontracts allow clients to access new replicated servers without modifying their code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Client stub generation is simplified because all server access details are managed by the subcontract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamic routing optimizes resource utilization by distributing load, reducing latency, and improving response times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cache allows requests to be served from cached copies instead of always reaching the origin server, enhancing efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subcontract can be replaced or updated to reflect changes such as newly replicated servers or different implementations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The IDL compiler generates language-specific interfaces, client stubs, and server stubs for object communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The client can dynamically connect to a different server instance through the subcontract without any additional coding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The subcontract mechanism abstracts the implementation details, allowing clients to interact with a simplified interface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves delegating specific tasks or functionalities to other components while maintaining an overarching contract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Without subcontract, stubs would require detailed knowledge of server locations, types, and interactions, complicating development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caching can significantly increase scalability by reducing the load on the origin server and improving response times for clients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The term 'remote object' refers to objects that are accessible from different address spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A 'remote interface' contains declarations for methods in a remote object that can be accessed by clients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clients deal with RMI exceptions when invoking remote methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The similarity is that object references can be passed as parameters during method invocations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In remote objects, object references are passed by value, meaning a copy is sent over the network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No, changes are not seen by the server because the remote object is passed by value, creating a copy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A developer can extend a local implementation by creating a new class that adds remote methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The remote interface defines the methods that clients can invoke to interact with the bank account service.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The client sees only the interface and not the actual location of the instantiated object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marshaling refers to the process of packaging and preparing objects for transmission over the network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It handles marshaling, unmarshaling, and publishing remote objects for client access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By utilizing the remote interface to expose the bank account methods to the network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clients must handle RMI exceptions that occur during the invocation of remote methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding the differences helps in designing efficient communication and data management strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The bank account interface becomes available to clients by extending the remote interface class, allowing clients to access its methods remotely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reusing the remote object class allows for automatic visibility of the instantiated object on the network, reducing the developer's workload.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First, instantiate the object; second, create a URL; and third, bind the object instance to this URL in the Java runtime's naming service.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A client accesses a server object by looking it up via a bootstrap name server using the published URL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Remote exceptions indicate a failure during method invocation, but clients may not know the exact point of failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The RRL acts as a core component where much of the RMI 'magic' occurs to manage remote method invocations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The model uses binding methods in the Java runtime to make services visible to clients through naming services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It derives from the built-in classes for remote object and remote server.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The client assumes that method invocations behave like local procedure calls, despite being executed remotely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Java runtime will throw a remote exception back to the client indicating the failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for greater flexibility and abstraction in client-server communication, as the client interacts without needing location details.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Java runtime system automates the binding of objects to URLs and manages the complexities of remote method invocations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows methods like deposit, withdrawal, and balance check to be executed transparently on server-side objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subcontract mechanisms control object invocation, manage object references across address spaces, and handle runtime operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The client stub calls the subcontract to marshal arguments based on the server's location and invocation type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows the server to revoke services and signal readiness to process invocation requests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It employs object technology to create a flexible and extensible network operating system with strong interfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows clients to dynamically bind to new server instances without altering the client-side application.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clients and servers do not need to change their behavior based on their co-location on the same or different nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Java originated from a language called Oak, intended for programming PDAs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The growing need for client-side programming for web applications led to Java's renewed interest and use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Java RMI is built on principles established by the subcontract mechanism of the Spring system, enabling distributed object communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enables objects to communicate seamlessly across different network configurations and address spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Java struggled with the cable TV industry's initial preference for SGIF for video on demand applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Spring system is characterized by its microkernel architecture which supports decentralized service delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leverages the subcontract mechanism to allow clients to connect with new server instances as they become available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marshaling is essential for correctly packaging arguments for cross-network invocation, ensuring proper communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Spring system allows clients and servers to change their interactions dynamically without requiring application changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RMI stands for Remote Method Invocation, and its main purpose is to enable communication between Java programs running on different machines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The transport layer manages connection establishment between client and server, facilitating I/O through an established channel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The RRL layer decides the appropriate transport mechanism to use for communication between the client and server based on their locations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distributed garbage collection helps manage memory by reclaiming objects that are no longer in use across different machines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An Enterprise Java Bean is a reusable software component that encapsulates business logic and can be accessed remotely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internally, enterprises have complex systems comprising various divisions, while externally, they are perceived as monolithic entities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mergers introduce interoperability issues and interface compatibility challenges between the different systems and services of the merging entities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The supply chain model describes how enterprises interconnect to fulfill service requests, often involving multiple entities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scalability refers to the ability of a system to handle increased loads by adding resources without compromising performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sandboxing is used to create a controlled environment that restricts the actions of untrusted code, enhancing security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamic loading of stubs allows the client to download the necessary code to communicate with the remote object at runtime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Java Beans bundle multiple Java objects together, allowing them to be easily shared and reused across different applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>System evolution implies that enterprises must continuously adapt their systems to meet changing requirements and technologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One example of a security measure in RMI systems is the implementation of authentication protocols to verify user identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The RRL is responsible for marshaling and unmarshaling arguments and results for remote method calls between clients and servers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The skeleton unmarshals incoming arguments from the client and invokes the appropriate server method, then marshals the result back to the client.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endpoints serve as protection domains or Java virtual machines that contain a table of remote objects accessible within that domain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connection management is responsible for setting up and tearing down connections between endpoints, as well as monitoring the liveness of those connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The transport layer can utilize different types of connections such as UDP and TCP, depending on the requirements of the communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marshaling refers to the process of converting Java objects into a format suitable for transmission over a network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liveness monitoring checks the status of connections to determine if any endpoint is not reachable, allowing appropriate actions to be taken.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After processing, the RRL marshals the result from the server and sends it back to the client, where it is then unmarshaled into a usable object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A channel is a communication pathway that is established between two endpoints for data transmission, utilizing a specific transport protocol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clients initiate calls to remote methods, and the RRL marshals data for transmission while servers handle these calls through skeltons that unmarshal the arguments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The transport abstraction defines the protocol used for communication between endpoints and manages I/O operations on the established channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The RRL performs serialization by converting Java objects into byte streams for transmission and deserialization by converting them back to objects on receiving end.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In addition to establishing connections, connection management listens for incoming connections and manages the disconnection of endpoints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The RRL aids the skeleton in unmarshaling client arguments and marshaling results after the method execution is complete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An endpoint defines a distinct domain for executing remote object methods, ensuring isolated and secure execution environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Giant scale services refer to large-scale applications like airline reservations or email services that handle numerous simultaneous user requests across networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The scenario shows that multiple customers can simultaneously request the same travel options, leading to competition for limited resources like flight seats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The key layers include the presentation layer, application logic layer, business logic layer, and database layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistence ensures that user actions, such as uncompleted bookings, are stored and retrievable for future sessions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transaction management ensures that a reservation is completed successfully or rolled back if any errors occur, maintaining data integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Service providers must ensure security for personal and financial information, as well as implement reliable transaction processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Object technology allows developers to create reusable components that can address common functionalities across different services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caching refers to storing frequently accessed data in memory to speed up access and reduce database calls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clustering involves grouping related services or data to enhance the efficiency and responsiveness of the application.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common features include user interactions like shopping carts and the need for resource management during transactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Security is vital to protect sensitive user data, like credit card and personal information, from unauthorized access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Challenges include managing conflicts for resource allocation, ensuring data consistency, and maintaining the integrity of transactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The application logic layer processes user requests and applies business rules to interact with the database layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>User experience is critical as it determines the ease of use and satisfaction of the service, influencing repeat usage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Services like Expedia simplify the booking process by aggregating options from multiple airlines and managing reservations concurrently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parallelism allows multiple queries to be processed simultaneously, reducing latency and improving efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four containers are the client container, applet container, web container, and EJB container.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Entity beans represent persistent data typically tied to a database, while session beans manage temporary interactions with a client.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An embarrassingly parallel application is one where tasks can be executed independently without requiring communication between them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reusing components enhances efficiency, reduces redundancy, and streamlines application development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A stateful session bean retains client-specific state across multiple interactions, while a stateless session bean does not retain any state after the session ends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistence ensures that entity bean data is stored consistently in a database and can be retrieved later.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Message-driven beans facilitate asynchronous communication, allowing the application to process messages independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The EJB container manages the lifecycle and interactions of enterprise beans, ensuring they function correctly within the application.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clustering allows multiple servers to handle requests concurrently, improving load management and response times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The client container is responsible for handling interactions between the client-side application and the server.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Bean management persistence' refers to the mechanism by which the persistence of entity beans is handled either within the bean itself or through the container.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reducing network communication minimizes the time taken for data transmission, thereby lowering overall latency in transactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Session beans maintain state and data associated with a client's specific interaction over a defined period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fine-grained message-driven beans enhance concurrency by allowing the application server to handle multiple requests simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fine-grained session beans offer better concurrency management but result in more complex business logic, while coarse-grained beans simplify the logic at the cost of reduced concurrency potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coarse-grained beans may be favored in scenarios where business logic simplicity and ease of maintenance are prioritized over handling a high volume of concurrent requests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Message beans enable asynchronous behavior, allowing applications to receive and process real-time updates without blocking the main application flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Granularity determines how finely business logic is structured, impacting the server's ability to process multiple requests concurrently.</p> Signup and view all the answers