T Cell Receptor (TCR) Characteristics
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T Cell Receptor (TCR) Characteristics

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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of Igα and Igβ in B lymphocytes?

To initiate the process of B cell activation

Which molecules combine with the membrane Ig to make up the BCR complex?

Igα and Igβ

What is the significance of monoclonal antibodies in immunology?

They have far-reaching applications in clinical medicine and research

What is the process used to produce monoclonal antibodies?

<p>Obtaining B cells from an animal immunized with an antigen and fusing them with myeloma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are formed from the fusion of myeloma and normal B cell nuclei?

<p>Hybrid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells produce antibodies like normal B cells?

<p>Hybridomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of monoclonal antibodies produced from hybridomas?

<p>Homogeneous antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the production of monoclonal antibodies, what cells are fused with an enzyme-deficient myeloma cell line?

<p>Spleen cells from a mouse immunized with an antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue is partially overcome by humanized antibodies?

<p>Immune response to mouse Ig</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of molecules does T Cell Receptor (TCR) recognize?

<p>Peptide antigens displayed by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of TCR (T Cell Receptor)?

<p>A membrane-bound heterodimeric protein composed of an α chain and a β chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of associated proteins (CD3 and ζ) and coreceptors (CD4 or CD8) in T Cell Receptor (TCR) function?

<p>Signal initiation and MHC recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most variable region among different TCRs?

<p>CDR3</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do TCR and B cell receptor (antibodies) differ?

<p>Antigen recognition, affinity, and structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells recognize both MHC molecules and bound peptides for antigen specificity and restriction?

<p>TCR (T Cell Receptor)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antibodies are widely used as therapeutic and diagnostic agents?

<p>Monoclonal antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

During B cell maturation, which of the following gene segments recombines with a J segment to form a DJ complex?

<p>D segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme mediates the somatic recombination of V and J, or of V, D and J, gene segments?

<p>VDJ recombinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the VDJ recombinase recognizes the heptamer sequences?

<p>RAG-1 protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gene segments are lacking in the light-chain loci, leading to direct recombination of a V region gene segment with a J segment?

<p>D segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gene segments are responsible for forming a complete μ messenger RNA (mRNA) in B cells?

<p>VDJ exon and C-region exons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells express intact Ig heavy-chain and light-chain genes?

<p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gene segments are found in the Ig kappa chain locus?

<p>V, J, C</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chain locus contains L, V 1, L V n, J 1, C 1, J 2, C 2, J 3, C 3, J 7, and C 7?

<p>Ig lambda chain locus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding TCR alpha and beta genes?

<p>Expressed only in T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the VDJ recombinase in mature lymphocytes?

<p>Expresses intact Ig heavy-chain and light-chain genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subset of T cells express γ and δ chains, forming receptors with unique specificities that can recognize a variety of antigens, including non-protein antigens?

<p>Natural killer T (NK-T) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells?

<p>Recognize bacterially derived vitamin B metabolites bound to an MHC-like protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing feature of TCRs compared to membrane antibodies?

<p>Both chains are anchored in the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells account for 5-10% of T cells and express γ and δ chains?

<p>MAIT cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of T cells expressing both αβ TCRs and surface molecules of natural killer cells?

<p>Recognize lipid antigens displayed by CD1</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of MAIT cells among liver T cells in humans?

<p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subset of T cells recognize bacterially derived vitamin B metabolites bound to an MHC-like protein called MR1?

<p>MAIT cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific function of γδ cells, NK-T cells, and MAIT cells?

<p>Not well understood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental stage involves the activation of specific transcription factors and increased gene accessibility?

<p>Commitment to B or T cell lineage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do B and T lymphocytes mature despite undergoing similar developmental processes?

<p>Bone marrow for B cells, thymus for T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates survival and proliferation of earliest lymphocyte precursors?

<p>Growth factors produced by stromal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for survival and progenitors' proliferation during lymphocyte development?

<p>Functional antigen receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is diversity generated in Ig and TCR genes?

<p>Through somatic recombination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What eliminates self-reactive or non-functional cells during lymphocyte development?

<p>Selection processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

  • Lymphocyte development involves the commitment of hematopoietic progenitors to B or T cell lineage, proliferation, gene rearrangement, and selection.
  • B and T lymphocytes undergo similar developmental processes despite maturing in different locations (bone marrow for B cells, thymus for T cells).
  • Commitment to B or T cell lineage is associated with the activation of specific transcription factors and increased gene accessibility.
  • Proliferation of developing lymphocytes occurs at multiple stages and is necessary for generating a diverse pool of cells.
  • Growth factors produced by stromal cells stimulate survival and proliferation of earliest lymphocyte precursors.
  • Gene rearrangements randomly generate diverse antigen receptor specificities.
  • Selection processes allow only useful specificities to fully mature, eliminating self-reactive or non-functional cells through positive and negative selection.
  • Functional antigen receptors are necessary for survival and progenitors' proliferation, while cells that fail to express them undergo apoptosis.
  • Ig and TCR genes are inherited in a germline configuration, and diversity is generated through somatic recombination.
  • Each Ig and TCR gene locus contains multiple V region gene segments and one or a few C region genes.

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Description

Test your knowledge of T cell receptor (TCR) characteristics with this quiz. Learn about the differences between TCRs and membrane antibodies, TCR chain anchoring, TCR production, and the unique features of γδ TCRs.

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