Systemic Effects of Inflammation Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What stimulates the synthesis of acute phase proteins in hepatocytes?

Cytokines IL-6 and TNF (correct)

Cytokines IL-2 and IL-8

Cytokines IL-1 and IL-3

Cytokines IL-4 and IL-10

What happens to erythrocytes when fibrinogen binds to them?

They become less dense and float.

They split into smaller fragments.

They undergo hemolysis.

They cause rouleaux formation. (correct)

What does an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) indicate?

Increased muscle mass

Dehydration

Chronic inflammation (correct)

Normal inflammation levels

What is the normal total white blood cell count in adults?

4000-11,000 cells/cu mm Signup and view all the answers

What type of leucocytosis is commonly associated with bacterial infections?

Neutrophilia Signup and view all the answers

What clinical manifestation is often seen with chronic inflammation?

Anemia Signup and view all the answers

What usually triggers septic shock in severe bacterial infections?

Cytokines like IL-1 and TNF Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the decreased number of circulating white blood cells?

Leucopenia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary clinical hallmark of inflammation?

Fever Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokines are primarily responsible for mediating the acute phase response?

TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 Signup and view all the answers

What causes the elevation of body temperature during inflammation?

Stimulated prostaglandin synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is leukocytosis commonly associated with?

Acute inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which acute phase protein is primarily synthesized in the liver and increases dramatically during inflammation?

C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of endogenous pyrogens in fever production?

Stimulate prostaglandin synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a rare systemic effect of inflammation?

Leukopenia Signup and view all the answers

Septic shock is categorized under which type of systemic effect of inflammation?

Acute phase response Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Systemic Effects of Inflammation

Inflammation, even localized, triggers systemic reactions called the acute-phase response, mediated by cytokines.
TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 are key cytokines in the acute-phase response.
Cytokines are produced by leukocytes in response to infectious agents or immunologic reactions and are released into the circulatory system.
The acute-phase response involves several clinical and pathological changes.

Local Signs of Inflammation

Heat (Calor): A localized increase in temperature.
Redness (Rubor): Reddening of the affected area.
Edema (Tumor): Swelling due to fluid accumulation.
Pain (Dolor): Feeling of discomfort in the affected area.
Loss of Function (Functio Laesa): Impairment of the affected area's normal function.

Fever (Clinical Hallmark of Inflammation)**

Fever is a common sign of inflammation, characterized by an elevated body temperature (typically 1°C to 4°C).
The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating temperature.
Cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α) stimulate prostaglandin production in the hypothalamus, which resets the temperature set point to a higher level.
Pyrogens (external factors stimulating fever) include bacterial products (e.g., LPS) and cytokines.

Elevated Levels of Acute Phase Proteins

Acute-phase proteins, mainly produced by the liver, increase significantly during inflammation.
Notable examples include C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and serum amyloid A (SAA).
Cytokines (e.g., IL-6 for CRP and fibrinogen, IL-1 or TNF for SAA) stimulate the synthesis of these proteins in hepatocytes.
The ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) test measures the rate at which erythrocytes settle in a test tube. Elevated ESR is linked to most cases of chronic inflammation.

Leukocytosis

Leukocytosis is an increase in the total white blood cell count.
Normal WBC counts in adults vary from 4000 - 11,000 cells/cu mm.
A common feature of inflammation, especially bacterial infections, is leukocytosis.
Accelerated release of cells from bone marrow pools due to cytokines causes leukocytosis.
Both mature and immature white blood cells may be detected in peripheral blood samples in cases of leukocytosis.

Eosinophilia

In certain allergic reactions or helminth (parasitic worm) infestations, there's an elevation in eosinophils known as eosinophilia.
Asthma and hay fever are examples of conditions where eosinophilia is observed.

Leucopenia

A decreased number of circulating white blood cells is called leucopenia.
Typhoid fever and infections by some viruses/rickettsias/protozoa can lead to leucopenia.

Other Manifestations of Inflammation

Anemia: Chronic inflammation is often associated with varying degrees of anemia.
Changes in vital signs: Inflammation may cause elevated heart rate and blood pressure, and reduced sweating.
Other systemic symptoms: Chills, rigors (shivering), anorexia (loss of appetite), somnolence (sleepiness), and malaise (general feeling of discomfort).

Septic Shock

In severe bacterial infections (sepsis), bacterial products stimulate cytokines (like IL-1 and TNF).
This leads to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), metabolic disturbances (acidosis), and hypotensive shock.
This combined clinical effect is termed septic shock.
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a severe form of septic shock.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the systemic effects of inflammation, including the acute-phase response and its clinical manifestations. Explore key cytokines and local signs of inflammation, as well as the role of fever in inflammatory processes.