Systemic Effects of Inflammation
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary mediator of the acute-phase reaction?

  • IL-6
  • TNF
  • IgG (correct)
  • IL-1

    • What is the primary mechanism by which pyrogens induce fever?

  • Stimulating the release of cytokines, which then stimulate prostaglandin synthesis in the hypothalamus. (correct)
  • Increasing the production of neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus.
  • Direct stimulation of the hypothalamus to increase body temperature.
  • Inhibiting the production of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus.

    • Which acute-phase protein is NOT primarily synthesized in the liver?

  • C-reactive protein (CRP)
  • Fibrinogen
  • Immunoglobulin G (IgG) (correct)
  • Serum Amyloid A (SAA)

    • What is the primary role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the inflammatory response?

    <p>Promote the activation of complement, enhancing the inflammatory response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocyte is typically elevated in bacterial infections?

    <p>Neutrophils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with leukopenia?

    <p>Infectious mononucleosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of TNF release during systemic inflammation?

    <p>Increased production of antibodies by B lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of the acute-phase response?

    <p>Decreased production of acute-phase proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Acute-phase reaction

    The systemic effects of inflammation, including fever and protein synthesis.

    Cytokines

    Proteins like TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 that mediate inflammation.

    Fever

    Elevation of body temperature due to inflammatory response.

    Acute-phase proteins

    Proteins like CRP, fibrinogen, and SAA synthesized in the liver during inflammation.

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    CRP (C-reactive protein)

    An acute-phase protein used as a marker for inflammation and cardiovascular risk.

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    Leukocytosis

    Increase in white blood cells commonly seen during infections.

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    Neutrophilia

    Increased neutrophil count often indicating bacterial infection.

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    Septic shock

    A clinical triad involving DIC, metabolic disturbances, and hypotensive shock due to TNF.

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    Study Notes

    Systemic Effects of Inflammation

    • Inflammation's systemic effects are collectively termed the acute-phase reaction or systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
    • Key cytokines mediating the acute-phase reaction are TNF, IL-1, and IL-6.
    • The acute-phase response involves several clinical and pathologic changes.
    • Fever, a prominent aspect of the acute-phase response, is triggered by pyrogens that stimulate prostaglandin synthesis in the hypothalamus.
    • Bacterial products stimulate leukocytes to release cytokines (IL-1 and TNF), increasing cyclooxygenases' activity. This converts arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandins.
    • In the hypothalamus, prostaglandins (especially PGE2) prompt neurotransmitter release, resetting the body's temperature set point to a higher level.
    • Elevated plasma levels of acute-phase proteins, primarily produced in the liver, are another feature.
    • Notable acute-phase proteins include C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and serum amyloid A (SAA).
    • Hepatocyte production of these proteins is stimulated by cytokines, especially IL-6.
    • Serial CRP measurements are used in assessing therapeutic responses in inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.
    • Elevated CRP levels signal an increased risk of myocardial infarction or stroke in those with atherosclerotic vascular disease.
    • Leukocytosis, an increased white blood cell count, frequently occurs in inflammatory reactions, especially bacterial infections.
    • Leukocyte counts typically rise to 15,000 to 20,000 cells/mL
    • Neutrophilia (elevated neutrophils) is a common feature in bacterial infections.
    • Lymphocytosis arises during viral infections such as infectious mononucleosis or mumps, characterized by increased lymphocytes.
    • Eosinophilia, an increase in eosinophils, is associated with conditions like bronchial asthma and parasite infestations.
    • Leukopenia (decreased white blood cell count) is linked to infections like typhoid fever.
    • Other symptoms include increased heart rate, blood pressure, and decreased sweating.
    • TNF can result in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), metabolic disturbances (including acidosis), and hypotensive shock.
    • This combination of symptoms defines septic shock.

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    Systemic Effects of Inflammation PDF

    Description

    Explore the systemic effects of inflammation, known as the acute-phase reaction, and its associated pathophysiological changes. This quiz covers key cytokines like TNF, IL-1, and IL-6, as well as clinical features such as fever and acute-phase proteins. Test your understanding of how these components interact within the inflammatory response.

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