Systemic and Surface Anatomy Quiz

Preface

• Understanding anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology is crucial for medical technologists.
• This knowledge is fundamental for informed decisions in diagnostics, procedures, and treatment.
• Effective medical interventions are based on a solid understanding of the human body's structure and function.

Table of Contents

• The document contains lecture notes and laboratory manuals.
• Topics covered include the human organism, chemical basis of life, cell structures, tissues, integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, and more.
• Various laboratory manuals are included with specific page numbers.

Chapter 1: Human Organism

• Chemistry is the study of the structure of the body.
• Anatomy covers dissection or separation of the body.
• Systemic anatomy studies the body by organ systems.
• Regional anatomy studies areas of the body.
• Surface anatomy is the study of external to locate internal features.
• Anatomical imaging is non-invasive; examples include X-ray, CT scan, PET scan, and MRI.
• Physiology studies body processes and functions.

Chapter 2: Chemical Basis of Life

• Matter occupies space and has mass
• Atomic structure includes neutrons, protons, and electrons.
• Chemical bonding involves electron transfer or sharing, forming ionic or covalent bonds.
• Polar covalent bonds involve unequal electron sharing, forming polar molecules.
• Nonpolar covalent bonds have equal electron sharing, forming nonpolar molecules.
• Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions.

Chapter 3: Cell Structures and Their Functions

• The cell is the basic unit of life.
• Cells are composed of the Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, and Nucleus.
• Plasma membrane is a barrier separating interior from the extracellular space.
• Cytoplasm is the site of many metabolic processes.
• Nucleus houses most of the DNA.

Chapter 4: Tissues

• Tissues are groups of similar cells performing similar functions.
• Epithelial tissue covers surfaces and forms glands.
• Connective tissue is supporting tissue.
• Muscle tissue allows movement in the body.
• Nervous tissue conducts nerve impulses or action potentials.
• Tissues are based on different cell shapes and structures.

Chapter 5: Integumentary System

• Skin is the largest organ of the body
• Epidermis - superficial layer; stratified squamous epithelium
• Dermis- connective tissue (fibroblasts, macrophages, nerves, hair follicles, glands)
• Hypodermis - subcutaneous layer (storage and fat)
• Melanin - pigment; influences skin color
• Skin receptors are for touch, pain, temp.
• Accessory structures include hair, glands, and nails.

Chapter 6: Skeletal System

• Skeletal system: bones, cartilage, tendons, & ligaments.
• Functions include support, protection, movement, and mineral storage.
• Bone is connective tissue composed of collagen, minerals, and osteocytes.
• Categories of bones include: long, short, flat, and irregular.
• Bone tissue layers include periosteum and endosteum.
• Bone formation (ossification) occurs both intramembranous and endochondral.
• Bone remodeling involves the removal and deposition of bone tissue.
• Bone growth is significant in childhood and adolescence.

Chapter 7: Muscular System

• Muscles allow for movement in the body.
• Types of muscle include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
• Functional characteristics include contractility, excitability, extensibility, and elasticity.
• Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and enable movement.
• Microscopic structure includes actin and myosin myofilaments, organized into sarcomeres.
• Muscle fiber contraction occurs via the Sliding Filament Model.

Chapter 8: Nervous System

• The nervous system is responsible for controlling bodily functions and integrating information.
• It's made of cells called neurons which transmit action potentials; neurons and glial cells.
• Neuronal pathways use converging and diverging pathways.
• The spinal cord is a major pathway for signals travelling from and to the brain.
• Cranial nerves connect the brain with organs.
• The nervous system has different functional divisions.

Chapter 9: Senses

• General senses
• Specialized senses
• Transduction – converting stimuli into nerve signals
• Mechanoreceptors
• Thermoreceptors
• Photoreceptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Nociceptors
• Pathways specific for each sense.
• Specialized parts of eyes and ears.

Chapter 10: Endocrine System

• Endocrine system is a chemical communication system.
• Hormones have diverse chemical natures and mechanisms.
• Endocrine glands produce hormones which are released to have target effects on other tissues.
• Main glands and their hormones are covered.

Chapter 11: Blood

• Composition of the blood includes plasma and formed elements.
• Plasma is the liquid matrix, containing proteins and other solutes.
• Formed elements include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
• Important functions include transport of substances, regulation of pH, and clotting.
• Blood typing and cross-matching are essential processes before transfusions.

Chapter 12: Heart

• The heart is a muscular pump circulating blood throughout the body.
• Anatomy and histology of the heart including the external and internal structures, valves, pathways, and major vessel connections.

Chapter 13: Blood Vessels and Circulation

• Blood vessels form a closed network transporting blood throughout the body.
• Types of blood vessels include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
• Blood vessel layers and their functions are discussed.
• Blood pressure is an essential measure of blood flow.

Chapter 14: Lymphatic System and Immunity

• The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in immune function & fluid drainage.
• Lymphatic organs, lymphatic vessels & lymph are discussed along with nonspecific resistance to explain immune processes.
• Innate and adaptive immune responses are covered.

Chapter 15: Respiratory System

• Gas exchange is a critical function of the respiratory system.
• Anatomy includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, & lungs.
• Breathing mechanisms, respiratory volumes, and capacities are described.

Chapter 16: Digestive System

• Digestion is an essential process for nutrient absorption and elimination of waste.
• Organs, including the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs, are covered in regard to their anatomy, histology and physiological roles.