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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the paranasal sinuses?
What is the primary function of the paranasal sinuses?
Which paranasal sinus is most commonly infected?
Which paranasal sinus is most commonly infected?
Where do the ethmoidal sinuses drain?
Where do the ethmoidal sinuses drain?
What is the lymph drainage route for the anterior and middle ethmoidal sinuses?
What is the lymph drainage route for the anterior and middle ethmoidal sinuses?
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Which paranasal sinuses are named according to the bones they are located in?
Which paranasal sinuses are named according to the bones they are located in?
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What nerve supplies the frontal sinus?
What nerve supplies the frontal sinus?
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What structure allows the frontal sinus to drain into the nasal cavity?
What structure allows the frontal sinus to drain into the nasal cavity?
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Why is the nasopharynx described as permanently opened?
Why is the nasopharynx described as permanently opened?
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Which sinuses are supplied by the anterior ethmoidal artery and nerve?
Which sinuses are supplied by the anterior ethmoidal artery and nerve?
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What is the primary relation of the sphenoidal sinuses?
What is the primary relation of the sphenoidal sinuses?
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Which lymph nodes receive drainage from the frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses?
Which lymph nodes receive drainage from the frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses?
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Which arteries supply the maxillary sinuses?
Which arteries supply the maxillary sinuses?
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What structure is formed by the floor of the orbit in relation to the maxillary sinuses?
What structure is formed by the floor of the orbit in relation to the maxillary sinuses?
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Which nerves supply the maxillary sinus?
Which nerves supply the maxillary sinus?
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The lateral wall of the sphenoidal sinus is related to which structure?
The lateral wall of the sphenoidal sinus is related to which structure?
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Which sinuses are known to be the largest of the paranasal sinuses?
Which sinuses are known to be the largest of the paranasal sinuses?
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Which sinus infection can lead to complications involving the brain and meninges?
Which sinus infection can lead to complications involving the brain and meninges?
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What is a possible consequence of infection in the ethmoidal sinuses?
What is a possible consequence of infection in the ethmoidal sinuses?
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Why does the high position of the maxillary sinus opening cause issues?
Why does the high position of the maxillary sinus opening cause issues?
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How can dental issues affect the maxillary sinus?
How can dental issues affect the maxillary sinus?
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What area does the pharynx extend from and to?
What area does the pharynx extend from and to?
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Which part of the pharynx lies behind the nose?
Which part of the pharynx lies behind the nose?
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Which structure does the pharynx become continuous with at its lower border?
Which structure does the pharynx become continuous with at its lower border?
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What separates the oropharynx from the nasopharynx?
What separates the oropharynx from the nasopharynx?
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Which tonsils are located in the oropharynx in the tonsillar fossa?
Which tonsils are located in the oropharynx in the tonsillar fossa?
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What forms Waldeyer's ring in the pharynx?
What forms Waldeyer's ring in the pharynx?
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Which structure is most vulnerable to injury during the removal of foreign bodies in the throat?
Which structure is most vulnerable to injury during the removal of foreign bodies in the throat?
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Which arteries contribute to the arterial blood supply of the pharynx?
Which arteries contribute to the arterial blood supply of the pharynx?
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What is the most commonly affected sinus in cases of sinusitis for a 25-year-old woman with recurrent nasal obstruction and pain?
What is the most commonly affected sinus in cases of sinusitis for a 25-year-old woman with recurrent nasal obstruction and pain?
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Which nerve is responsible for the nerve supply of the pharynx?
Which nerve is responsible for the nerve supply of the pharynx?
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Where is the pharyngeal recess located?
Where is the pharyngeal recess located?
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Which tonsil is located at the back of the tongue?
Which tonsil is located at the back of the tongue?
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What role does the pharyngobasilar fascia play in the nasopharynx?
What role does the pharyngobasilar fascia play in the nasopharynx?
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At what age does the nasopharyngeal tonsil reach its maximum size?
At what age does the nasopharyngeal tonsil reach its maximum size?
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What condition is caused by the hypertrophy of the nasopharyngeal tonsil in children?
What condition is caused by the hypertrophy of the nasopharyngeal tonsil in children?
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How does the nasopharynx communicate with the middle ear?
How does the nasopharynx communicate with the middle ear?
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Where is the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube located?
Where is the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube located?
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What is the primary function of the nasopharyngeal tonsil?
What is the primary function of the nasopharyngeal tonsil?
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The salpingopharyngeal fold is associated with which structure?
The salpingopharyngeal fold is associated with which structure?
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What possible effect does adenoid hypertrophy have on breathing in children?
What possible effect does adenoid hypertrophy have on breathing in children?
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Study Notes
Systemic Anatomy for Respiratory Technology Program
- The program focuses on systemic anatomy related to respiratory technology.
- Marwa Abdel-Samad Al-Gholam is the instructor, an MD in Anatomy and Embryology, and Assistant Professor at Menoufia University.
Objectives (ILOs)
- Students will be able to pinpoint the different paranasal sinuses and understand their functions.
- Students will comprehend the communication pathways and specific characteristics of the nasopharynx.
- Students will differentiate between frontal and maxillary paranasal sinuses concerning location, blood supply, and nerve supply.
- Students will understand why the maxillary sinus is frequently infected.
- Students will explain why the nasopharynx is constantly open.
Anatomy of the "Para-nasal Sinus"
- Paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces within certain skull bones surrounding the nasal cavity.
- These sinuses open into the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
- They have names (frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary) corresponding to the bones where they're located.
Paranasal Sinuses (Detailed)
- General: Air-filled spaces within skull bones.
- Location: Lateral wall of nasal cavity.
- Names: Frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary, correspond to the bone they're in.
- Sinus Radiography: Visible on skull X-rays as translucent areas within the bones.
Main Function of Paranasal Sinuses
- Warm and humidify inhaled air.
- Enhance the resonance of speech.
- Reduce the skull's overall weight.
Drainage of Sinuses
- Frontal Sinus: Drains into the middle meatus via the frontonasal duct.
- Blood & Nerve Supply: Supraorbital nerve and vessels.
- Lymph Drainage: Submandibular lymph nodes.
Ethmoidal Sinuses
- Located in the ethmoid bone, positioned between the nose and orbit (eye socket). Includes anterior, middle and posterior sections.
- Blood + Nerve Supply: Anterior and middle supplied by the anterior ethmoidal artery & nerve; posterior supplied by posterior ethmoidal artery & nerve.
- Lymph Drainage: Submandibular for anterior and middle; retropharyngeal for posterior.
Sphenoid Sinus
- Found inside the body of the sphenoid bone.
- Location: Posterior part of the roof related to the pituitary gland.
Maxillary Sinus
- Largest paranasal sinus, completely filling the body of the maxilla bone.
- Location: One on each side of the face.
- Roof: Formed by the floor of the orbit.
- Floor: Related to the roots of the upper premolar and molar teeth.
- Infection Vulnerability: Higher risk due to the higher position of sinus opening and roots of upper teeth being close to its floor.
- Blood Supply: Facial, infraorbital, and greater palatine arteries.
- Nerve Supply: Anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerves; infraorbital nerve.
Sinusitis
- Infection of any paranasal sinus, often following a cold.
- Maxillary Sinusitis: Common, due to factors like high sinus opening position, and proximity to the roots of the teeth.
- Complications: Infection can spread to surrounding structures like the brain (frontal sinus), orbit (ethmoidal sinus).
Pharynx
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Musculomembranous tube: Lies behind the nose, mouth, and larynx.
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Function: Common pathway for air and food.
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Sections: Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
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Structure: Mucosa, pharyngobasilar fascia, bucccopharyngeal fascia, constrictor muscles, and the retropharyngeal space.
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Extension: From the base of the skull to the cricoid cartilage, where it transitions into the esophagus.
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Nasopharynx Characteristics: Its wall is rigid, due to its well-developed pharyngobasilar fascia, and uncovered by constrictor muscles.
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Nasopharyngeal Tonsil: Lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx, at the roof-posterior wall junction, growing until age 6, then reducing.
Communication of Nasopharynx
- The nasopharynx communicates with the middle ear via the auditory (Eustachian) tubes.
- The opening of the auditory tube is located about 1 cm behind the inferior nasal concha, bounded by the tubal elevation and the salpingopharyngeal fold.
- Behind the tubal elevation is the pharyngeal recess.
Laryngopharynx
- Located behind the larynx; extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus.
- Piriform fossa: Lateral wall feature; site for foreign body impaction and vulnerable to injury during removal.
- The internal and recurrent laryngeal nerves pass through the floor of the fossa.
Blood Supply to the Pharynx
- Arterial: Ascending pharyngeal, ascending palatine, and greater palatine arteries.
- Venous: Pharyngeal venous plexus.
Nerve Supply to the Pharynx
- Branches from the pterygopalatine ganglion.
Lymphatic Drainage of the Pharynx
- Retropharyngeal lymph nodes.
Specific features of Nasopharynx for Students (Review)
- Structure: constantly opened.
- Wall: rigid because of pharyngobasilar fascia.
- Uncovered: by constrictor muscles.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the systemic anatomy relevant to respiratory technology, emphasizing the paranasal sinuses and their functions. Students will learn about the anatomical distinctions of the frontal and maxillary sinuses, as well as the communication pathways of the nasopharynx. Mastery of these concepts is crucial for understanding respiratory health and disease.
