Systemic Anatomy for Respiratory Technology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the paranasal sinuses?

  • Filter particles from the nasal cavity
  • Provide structural support to the skull
  • Warm and humidify the inspired air (correct)
  • Aid in the drainage of tears

Which paranasal sinus is most commonly infected?

  • Ethmoidal sinuses
  • Sphenoidal sinus
  • Frontal sinus
  • Maxillary sinus (correct)

Where do the ethmoidal sinuses drain?

  • Into the frontal sinus
  • Into the middle meatus (correct)
  • Into the nasopharynx
  • Into the nasal septum

What is the lymph drainage route for the anterior and middle ethmoidal sinuses?

<p>Submandibular lymph nodes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which paranasal sinuses are named according to the bones they are located in?

<p>Frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nerve supplies the frontal sinus?

<p>Supraorbital nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure allows the frontal sinus to drain into the nasal cavity?

<p>Frontonasal duct (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the nasopharynx described as permanently opened?

<p>It serves as a passage for air to the lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sinuses are supplied by the anterior ethmoidal artery and nerve?

<p>Anterior and middle ethmoidal sinuses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary relation of the sphenoidal sinuses?

<p>They are related to the pituitary gland and cavernous sinus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lymph nodes receive drainage from the frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses?

<p>Retropharyngeal lymph nodes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries supply the maxillary sinuses?

<p>Infraorbital and greater palatine arteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed by the floor of the orbit in relation to the maxillary sinuses?

<p>The roof of the maxillary sinuses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerves supply the maxillary sinus?

<p>Infraorbital and superior alveolar nerves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lateral wall of the sphenoidal sinus is related to which structure?

<p>Cavernous sinus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sinuses are known to be the largest of the paranasal sinuses?

<p>Maxillary sinuses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sinus infection can lead to complications involving the brain and meninges?

<p>Frontal sinus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of infection in the ethmoidal sinuses?

<p>Orbital cellulitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the high position of the maxillary sinus opening cause issues?

<p>It impedes natural drainage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can dental issues affect the maxillary sinus?

<p>By spreading from caries in upper premolar and molar teeth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What area does the pharynx extend from and to?

<p>From the base of the skull to cricoid cartilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the pharynx lies behind the nose?

<p>Nasopharynx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does the pharynx become continuous with at its lower border?

<p>Esophagus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the oropharynx from the nasopharynx?

<p>Soft palate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tonsils are located in the oropharynx in the tonsillar fossa?

<p>Palatine tonsils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms Waldeyer's ring in the pharynx?

<p>A combination of multiple lymphoid tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is most vulnerable to injury during the removal of foreign bodies in the throat?

<p>Piriform fossa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries contribute to the arterial blood supply of the pharynx?

<p>Ascending pharyngeal and greater palatine arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most commonly affected sinus in cases of sinusitis for a 25-year-old woman with recurrent nasal obstruction and pain?

<p>Maxillary sinus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for the nerve supply of the pharynx?

<p>Pharyngeal branch from the pterygopalatine ganglion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the pharyngeal recess located?

<p>Behind the tubal elevation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tonsil is located at the back of the tongue?

<p>Lingual tonsil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the pharyngobasilar fascia play in the nasopharynx?

<p>It provides rigidity to the nasopharyngeal wall. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the nasopharyngeal tonsil reach its maximum size?

<p>At six years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is caused by the hypertrophy of the nasopharyngeal tonsil in children?

<p>Adenoids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the nasopharynx communicate with the middle ear?

<p>Through the Eustachian tube (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube located?

<p>1 cm behind the inferior nasal concha (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nasopharyngeal tonsil?

<p>Filtering airborne pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The salpingopharyngeal fold is associated with which structure?

<p>Auditory tube (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What possible effect does adenoid hypertrophy have on breathing in children?

<p>Leads to mouth breathing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Paranasal sinuses

Air-filled spaces in bones surrounding the nasal cavity, opening into the nasal cavity, and serving to warm and humidify inhaled air and add to voice resonance.

Frontal sinus location

Located in the frontal bone, draining via the frontonasal duct into the middle of the nasal cavity.

Maxillary sinus

A paranasal sinus located in the maxillary bone, often the most commonly infected, draining into the middle meatus.

Ethmoidal sinuses location

Located within the ethmoid bone, between the nose and eye socket, with multiple sections (anterior, middle, posterior).

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Function of paranasal sinuses

Warm and humidify inspired air, enhance voice resonance, and reduce skull weight.

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Frontal sinus Drainage

Drains into the middle meatus through the frontonasal duct.

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Ethmoid sinus Drainage

Anterior and middle ethmoidal sinuses drain into submandibular lymph nodes; posterior drains into retropharyngeal lymph nodes.

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Maxillary sinus infection

Maxillary sinus infections are frequently encountered.

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Ethmoidal sinuses

Air-filled spaces within the ethmoid bone, divided into anterior, middle, and posterior.

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Posterior ethmoidal sinus

Part of the ethmoidal sinuses supplied by the posterior ethmoidal artery and nerve.

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Sphenoidal sinus

Sinuses located in the sphenoid bone, related to the pituitary gland.

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Blood supply (ethmoidal)

Anterior and middle ethmoidal sinuses get blood from anterior ethmoidal artery; posterior ethmoidal sinus from posterior artery.

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Blood supply (maxillary)

Maxillary sinus gets blood from facial, infraorbital, and greater palatine arteries.

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Lymph drainage (sinuses)

All sinuses drain lymph to retropharyngeal lymph nodes.

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Sinus relations (sphenoid)

Sphenoid sinus is related to the pituitary gland and cavernous sinus.

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Sinus Infections

Infections of the sinuses (spaces in the skull) often following a cold, leading to sinusitis.

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Frontal Sinus Infection

Infection of the frontal sinus, which can spread to the brain and membranes lining it.

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Ethmoidal Sinuses & Orbit

Infection of ethmoidal sinuses can lead to orbital cellulitis, affecting the eye socket.

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Maxillary Sinus Drainage

The high position of the maxillary sinus opening makes it difficult for proper drainage.

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Maxillary Sinus Infections & Teeth

Infection from dental cavities (caries) can spread to the maxillary sinus.

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Pharynx

A tube connecting the nose, mouth, & larynx that carries air and food.

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Pharynx Regions

The pharynx is separated into different sections: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx, each with different functions.

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Pharynx Location

The pharynx extends from the base of the skull to the cricoid cartilage, connecting to the esophagus.

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Nasopharyngeal tonsil location

The nasopharyngeal tonsil is a collection of lymphoid tissue located in the mucosa of the nasopharynx at the junction of the roof and posterior wall.

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Adenoids

Hypertrophy of the nasopharyngeal tonsil is called adenoids. Enlarged adenoids can obstruct the nasopharynx, leading to mouth breathing in children.

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Pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube location

The pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube is situated 1 cm behind the inferior nasal concha.

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Tubal elevation

The tubal elevation is a bulge formed by the cartilage of the auditory tube, located above and behind the pharyngeal opening.

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Salpingopharyngeal fold

The lower end of the tubal elevation continues as a vertical mucous fold called the salpingopharyngeal fold.

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Pharyngobasilar fascia

A strong fascia that helps maintain the rigidity of the nasopharyngeal wall, allowing for free breathing.

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Nasopharynx communication

The nasopharynx communicates with the middle ear via the auditory tubes.

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Nasopharyngeal tonsil function

The nasopharyngeal tonsil is a lymphoid collection that increases in size up to the age of six years and then gradually atrophies.

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Pharyngeal Recess

A depression behind the tubal elevation in the nasopharynx.

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Palatine Tonsil Location

Located in the tonsillar fossa of the oropharynx, one on each side.

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Tonsillar Fossa

The space between the two folds in the oropharynx where the palatine tonsils are located.

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Waldeyer's Ring

A ring of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx, comprised of the pharyngeal tonsil, tubal tonsils, palatine tonsils, and lingual tonsils.

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Piriform Fossa

A depression on the lateral wall of the laryngopharynx, one on each side of the laryngeal inlet.

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Laryngeal Inlet

The opening from the oropharynx into the laryngopharynx.

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Study Notes

Systemic Anatomy for Respiratory Technology Program

  • The program focuses on systemic anatomy related to respiratory technology.
  • Marwa Abdel-Samad Al-Gholam is the instructor, an MD in Anatomy and Embryology, and Assistant Professor at Menoufia University.

Objectives (ILOs)

  • Students will be able to pinpoint the different paranasal sinuses and understand their functions.
  • Students will comprehend the communication pathways and specific characteristics of the nasopharynx.
  • Students will differentiate between frontal and maxillary paranasal sinuses concerning location, blood supply, and nerve supply.
  • Students will understand why the maxillary sinus is frequently infected.
  • Students will explain why the nasopharynx is constantly open.

Anatomy of the "Para-nasal Sinus"

  • Paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces within certain skull bones surrounding the nasal cavity.
  • These sinuses open into the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
  • They have names (frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary) corresponding to the bones where they're located.

Paranasal Sinuses (Detailed)

  • General: Air-filled spaces within skull bones.
  • Location: Lateral wall of nasal cavity.
  • Names: Frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary, correspond to the bone they're in.
  • Sinus Radiography: Visible on skull X-rays as translucent areas within the bones.

Main Function of Paranasal Sinuses

  • Warm and humidify inhaled air.
  • Enhance the resonance of speech.
  • Reduce the skull's overall weight.

Drainage of Sinuses

  • Frontal Sinus: Drains into the middle meatus via the frontonasal duct.
  • Blood & Nerve Supply: Supraorbital nerve and vessels.
  • Lymph Drainage: Submandibular lymph nodes.

Ethmoidal Sinuses

  • Located in the ethmoid bone, positioned between the nose and orbit (eye socket). Includes anterior, middle and posterior sections.
  • Blood + Nerve Supply: Anterior and middle supplied by the anterior ethmoidal artery & nerve; posterior supplied by posterior ethmoidal artery & nerve.
  • Lymph Drainage: Submandibular for anterior and middle; retropharyngeal for posterior.

Sphenoid Sinus

  • Found inside the body of the sphenoid bone.
  • Location: Posterior part of the roof related to the pituitary gland.

Maxillary Sinus

  • Largest paranasal sinus, completely filling the body of the maxilla bone.
  • Location: One on each side of the face.
  • Roof: Formed by the floor of the orbit.
  • Floor: Related to the roots of the upper premolar and molar teeth.
  • Infection Vulnerability: Higher risk due to the higher position of sinus opening and roots of upper teeth being close to its floor.
  • Blood Supply: Facial, infraorbital, and greater palatine arteries.
  • Nerve Supply: Anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerves; infraorbital nerve.

Sinusitis

  • Infection of any paranasal sinus, often following a cold.
  • Maxillary Sinusitis: Common, due to factors like high sinus opening position, and proximity to the roots of the teeth.
  • Complications: Infection can spread to surrounding structures like the brain (frontal sinus), orbit (ethmoidal sinus).

Pharynx

  • Musculomembranous tube: Lies behind the nose, mouth, and larynx.

  • Function: Common pathway for air and food.

  • Sections: Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

  • Structure: Mucosa, pharyngobasilar fascia, bucccopharyngeal fascia, constrictor muscles, and the retropharyngeal space.

  • Extension: From the base of the skull to the cricoid cartilage, where it transitions into the esophagus.

  • Nasopharynx Characteristics: Its wall is rigid, due to its well-developed pharyngobasilar fascia, and uncovered by constrictor muscles.

  • Nasopharyngeal Tonsil: Lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx, at the roof-posterior wall junction, growing until age 6, then reducing.

Communication of Nasopharynx

  • The nasopharynx communicates with the middle ear via the auditory (Eustachian) tubes.
  • The opening of the auditory tube is located about 1 cm behind the inferior nasal concha, bounded by the tubal elevation and the salpingopharyngeal fold.
  • Behind the tubal elevation is the pharyngeal recess.

Laryngopharynx

  • Located behind the larynx; extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus.
  • Piriform fossa: Lateral wall feature; site for foreign body impaction and vulnerable to injury during removal.
  • The internal and recurrent laryngeal nerves pass through the floor of the fossa.

Blood Supply to the Pharynx

  • Arterial: Ascending pharyngeal, ascending palatine, and greater palatine arteries.
  • Venous: Pharyngeal venous plexus.

Nerve Supply to the Pharynx

  • Branches from the pterygopalatine ganglion.

Lymphatic Drainage of the Pharynx

  • Retropharyngeal lymph nodes.

Specific features of Nasopharynx for Students (Review)

  • Structure: constantly opened.
  • Wall: rigid because of pharyngobasilar fascia.
  • Uncovered: by constrictor muscles.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the systemic anatomy relevant to respiratory technology, emphasizing the paranasal sinuses and their functions. Students will learn about the anatomical distinctions of the frontal and maxillary sinuses, as well as the communication pathways of the nasopharynx. Mastery of these concepts is crucial for understanding respiratory health and disease.

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