Syphilis and Spirochete Pathology Quiz

<p>TPHA (Treponema Pallidum Hemoagglutination Assay) test. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rigid outer cell membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To penetrate tissues and viscous media (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are anchored to one pole and inserted longitudinally in the periplasmic space (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have irregular, wide, open coils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A hook at one or both of the pointed ends (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High resistance to environmental conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corkscrew motility using endoflagella (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p><em>Treponema pallidum</em> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spore-forming (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peritrichous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>K antigen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Escherichia coli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A painless ulcer with raised borders originating from a papule. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pili and fimbriae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through close muco-cutaneous contact with skin lesions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ETEC (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A generalized mucocutaneous rash and flu-like symptoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The absence of clinical manifestations with a possibility of progression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>K1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damage the epithelium, promoting invasion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Granulomatous lesions that can occur in various organs and tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At any time during pregnancy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a significant sign of disseminated bacterial spread throughout the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Late latent syphilis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Klebsiella pneumoniae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shigella spp. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enterotoxigenic <em>E. coli</em> (ETEC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruption of the normal microvillus structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motile, comma-shaped, Gram-negative bacilli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulation of adenyl cyclase activity in mucosal cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adherence to the epithelium, cytokine release, and inflammatory diarrhea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemagglutinin-protease (mucinase) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enteroinvasive <em>E. coli</em> (EIEC) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacillary dysentery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shiga toxins (Stx1, Stx2) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>EIEC is invasive, while ETEC hypersecretes electrolytes and fluids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saltwater environments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adherence, biofilm formation, toxin release, and additional biofilm establishment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enterohemorrhagic <em>E. coli</em> (EHEC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A type of bacteria with a spiral shape and long, thin, tightly coiled form, about 0.1 to 0.2 μm wide and 6 to 20 μm long, with pointed, straight ends.

A type of spirochete known for its irregular, wide, open coils and larger size compared to other spirochetes.

A type of spirochete characterized by its thin, coiled shape and a hook at one or both pointed ends.

A unique type of flagella positioned inside the cell wall of spirochetes, responsible for their corkscrew-like movement.

The movement of spirochetes, characterized by a twisting, rotating motion, similar to a corkscrew.

Spirochetes are bacteria with a helical or spiral shape, typically 5-20 μm long and 0.1-0.6 μm in diameter.

Treponema pallidum is a syphilis-causing bacterium, a type of treponeme that is highly specific to humans and cannot survive long outside the body.

The characteristic features of Treponema pallidum include its narrow, tightly coiled shape, pointed ends, and its ability to move like a corkscrew due to its endoflagella.

The initial stage of syphilis, characterized by a painless ulcer called a chancre.

The stage where syphilis spreads throughout the body, causing a rash, flu-like symptoms, and potentially meningitis.

A period of hidden infection where syphilis symptoms disappear, but the infection remains.

The advanced stage of syphilis, characterized by chronic inflammation and organ damage.

A type of tertiary syphilis affecting the heart and blood vessels.

Syphilis affecting the brain and nervous system.

A syphilis infection that affects the fetus during pregnancy.

A type of E. coli that causes traveler's diarrhea and infant diarrhea, primarily in developing countries. It utilizes two enterotoxins, ST and LT, that cause electrolyte and fluid hypersecretion, leading to watery diarrhea, vomiting, and a low-grade fever.

An E. coli strain responsible for infant diarrhea in developing countries. It disrupts the structure of the small intestine's microvilli, leading to malabsorption and severe, protracted watery diarrhea, accompanied by fever and vomiting.

A type of E. coli that can cause infant diarrhea in both developed and developing countries, and traveler's diarrhea. It adheres to the intestinal epithelium and triggers inflammatory responses, resulting in persistent watery diarrhea, fever, and vomiting.

An E. coli strain capable of invading and destroying the colon's epithelial cells. It produces an inflammatory response, initially causing watery diarrhea, but potentially progressing to dysentery with colonic ulcers.

A dangerous E. coli strain that initially causes watery diarrhea, progressing to bloody diarrhea (hemorrhagic colitis) with abdominal cramps and minimal fever. It can lead to Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS).

Toxins produced by EHEC that are responsible for damaging protein synthesis and destroying intestinal microvilli, leading to bloody diarrhea.

A serious complication associated with EHEC infection, characterized by acute kidney failure, low platelet count, and anemia.

A condition marked by watery diarrhea, fever, and vomiting, often caused by bacterial infections like E. coli.

Gram-negative rods, non-spore forming, facultative anaerobes, ferment glucose, reduce nitrate, catalase positive, oxidase negative. They are commonly found in the intestinal tracts of humans and animals.

They are responsible for a wide range of infections, including urinary tract infections, intestinal infections, and even systemic infections like bacteremia.

These are surface antigens that are specific to Enterobacteriaceae. The O antigen refers to the somatic antigen or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the H antigen is the flagellar antigen, and the K antigen is the capsular antigen.

The bacteria normally residing in the gut or urinary tract multiply excessively, leading to infection.

Bacteria can enter the body from an external source, causing infection.

The most common and important member of the genus Escherichia, commonly found in the gut but capable of causing urinary tract infections, gastroenteritis, and even meningitis and sepsis in newborns.

These strains of E. coli are responsible for causing urinary tract infections, characterized by flagellar motility, pili and fimbriae for adhesion, hemolysin production to damage epithelium, and iron-acquisition systems.

These are different strains of E. coli associated with gastroenteritis, each with unique mechanisms for causing diarrhea. They are classified into five groups: Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), and Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC).

A group of bacteria that includes Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Proteus, and Citrobacter. These bacteria are known for their rod-shaped (bacillus) morphology, Gram-negative staining, and ability to ferment glucose.

A primary pathogen responsible for gastroenteritis and enteric fever, a serious systemic infection that can spread throughout the body.

A primary pathogen known for causing bacillary dysentery, an infection characterized by severe bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps.

A common commensal of the upper airway and human intestine. It can cause pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and bacteremia, especially in immunocompromised individuals.

An intestinal commensal and environmental saprophyte. It commonly causes sepsis (bloodstream infection) and urinary tract infections.

A common opportunistic pathogen in hospitalized patients. It is responsible for pneumonia and bacteremia.

A common causative agent of urinary tract infections, bacteremia, and pneumonia in hospitalized patients.

A bacterial species frequently associated with urinary tract infections and sepsis.

Syphilis is the most common sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. The disease can be transmitted through sexual contact, from mother to child, and rarely, through blood transfusions.

Syphilis can cause a variety of symptoms, the most common of which include chancre, rash, and neurological problems. The disease can be divided into four stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary. Primary syphilis is characterized by a painless sore called a chancre. Secondary syphilis is characterized by a rash and other symptoms in the skin, mucous membranes, and internal organs. Latent syphilis is a symptom-free stage where the infection is still present in the body. Tertiary syphilis is the most serious stage of the disease, where the infection causes permanent damage to the organs. Tertiary syphilis can cause blindness, deafness, and mental illness.

Vertical transmission occurs when the infection passes from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth. This can happen in several ways: * Transmission through the placenta: The bacterium can cross the placenta and infect the developing fetus. * Transmission during childbirth: The fetus can be infected as it passes through the birth canal. * Transmission through breast milk: The bacterium can be present in breast milk and infect the infant.

The bacterium Treponema pallidum is the causative agent of Syphilis. It's a spiral-shaped bacterium with several characteristics that contribute to the disease: * Adherence to host cells: The bacterium uses outer membrane proteins to adhere to the host's cells. * Corkscrew motility: The bacterium uses its corkscrew-like movement to penetrate the host's cells and invade tissues. * Production of hemolysins: The bacterium produces substances that damage red blood cells, but it's not yet clear if they play a major role in causing tissue damage. * Production of hyaluronidase: The bacterium produces hyaluronidase, an enzyme that breaks down connective tissue. This may help the bacteria spread and infect the body.

The diagnosis of syphilis is primarily made through serological testing. * Nontreponemal tests: These tests identify antibodies directed against lipoid antigens (cardiolipin). They are typically positive starting from the 8th day after the appearance of a chancre. The VDRL (Venereal Disease Reference Laboratory) test is a commonly used nontreponemal test. * Treponemal tests: These tests identify antibodies directed against Treponema. They are typically positive starting around the 10th week after infection and are less helpful in diagnosing early stages of syphilis. The TPHA (Treponema Pallidum Hemoagglutination Assay) test is an example of a treponemal test.