Syphilis and Genital Herpes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about syphilis stages is correct?

  • Secondary syphilis is asymptomatic.
  • Latent syphilis presents with visible symptoms.
  • Primary syphilis is the most infectious stage. (correct)
  • Tertiary syphilis is the least severe stage.

    • What is the appropriate treatment for all stages of syphilis?

  • Penicillin G (correct)
  • Amoxicillin
  • Ciprofloxacin
  • Azithromycin

    • Which of the following is a correct statement regarding discharge instructions for genital herpes?

  • Genital herpes is always symptomatic.
  • Genital herpes can be transmitted without showing symptoms. (correct)
  • Genital herpes is not contagious.
  • Genital herpes can be cured by antibiotics.

    • What makes a patient more susceptible to STIs?

    <p>A 21-year old female who attends college.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is effective in detecting a urethral infection with gonorrhea?

    <p>NAAT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a complication of genital warts caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV)?

    <p>Infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the HPV vaccine?

    <p>To protect against the development of cervical, penile, and anal cancers caused by HPV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the primary stage of syphilis?

    <p>A painless chancre on the genitals, rectum, or mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of syphilis is the disease most contagious?

    <p>Secondary stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is syphilis typically diagnosed?

    <p>Blood test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about HPV vaccines is true?

    <p>The Quadrivalent (Gardasil) vaccine requires 2 or 3 intramuscular doses over a 6-month period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for genital warts mentioned in the text?

    <p>Surgical excision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stage of syphilis characterized by?

    <p>Highly infectious, development of chancre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is used to confirm a diagnosis of syphilis after screening with VDRL or RPR?

    <p>Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-Abs) test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of syphilis is characterized by asymptomatic periods that can last throughout life?

    <p>Latent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major precipitating cause of Mitral Valve Stenosis?

    <p>Rheumatic heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can Mitral Valve Prolapse lead to during systole?

    <p>Prolapse into the left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary symptom of Mitral Valve Stenosis?

    <p>Loud, accentuated S1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to cardiogenic shock in Mitral Valve Regurgitation?

    <p>Chronic rheumatic heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom may be asymptomatic for years in chronic Mitral Valve Regurgitation?

    <p>Weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Mitral Valve Stenosis, what shape do the deformities typically take on?

    <p>&quot;Fish mouth&quot; shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a pressure difference between the atrium and left ventricle in Mitral Valve Stenosis?

    <p>&quot;Fish mouth&quot; shape deformities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is affected in Mitral Valve Regurgitation, leading to blood flow back from left ventricle to left atrium?

    <p>Mitral leaflets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a less common symptom of Mitral Valve Stenosis?

    <p>Fatigue and palpitation- Atrial fibrillation- stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of acute aortic valve regurgitation?

    <p>Aortic dissection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of chronic aortic valve regurgitation?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary etiology of tricuspid valve stenosis?

    <p>Rheumatic fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of pulmonary valve stenosis?

    <p>Syncope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of valve replacement surgery?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a goal of cardiac surgery for valvular heart disease?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with using nitroglycerin in patients with aortic valve stenosis?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common postoperative nursing intervention for patients who have undergone valve replacement surgery?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in valvular dysfunction when a valve becomes stenosed?

    <p>The valve opening becomes narrowed, impeding forward blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve lies between the right atrium and right ventricle?

    <p>Tricuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alternative name for the Mitral valve?

    <p>Bicuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is valvular dysfunction called when the valve does not close completely?

    <p>Regurgitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes Valvular Regurgitation?

    <p>Allows blood to flow backward through the valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Aortic valve lie?

    <p>Between the left ventricle and aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Valvular Dysfunction, what happens when a valve is insufficient?

    <p>'Regurgitation' occurs with blood flowing backward through the valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic outcome of Valvular Regurgitation?

    <p>'Insufficiency' of the valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is the first to be affected in the initial stage of shock?

    <p>Neurologic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is primarily responsible for activating compensatory mechanisms in the compensatory stage of shock?

    <p>Cardiovascular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is the most affected in the progressive stage of shock?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is the most severely affected in the irreversible (refractory) stage of shock?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is primarily targeted for supportive care in the collaborative management of shock?

    <p>Respiratory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of absolute hypovolemia?

    <p>Internal bleeding from ruptured spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which shock classification is associated with severe pain and vasomotor center depression?

    <p>Neurogenic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In distributive shock, which type of shock presents with hypotension, tachycardia, and decreased venous oxygen saturation?

    <p>Septic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic finding is common in distributive shock regardless of the cause?

    <p>Elevated lactate levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential clinical manifestation of shock-distributive related to the skin?

    <p>Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of shock according to the text?

    <p>Distributive shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of shock according to the text?

    <p>Problem with the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) in the pulmonary artery according to the text?

    <p>65-75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of shock according to the text?

    <p>Inadequate tissue perfusion leading to cellular, organ, and organ system death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for lactate levels according to the text?

    <p>0.5-2.0 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

    • STIs are infectious diseases spread through sexual contact with the penis, vagina, anus, mouth, or sexual fluids of an infected person
    • Types of STIs:
      • Bacterial: gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydial
      • Viral: genital herpes, genital warts, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, hepatitis B and C
      • Parasitic/Protozoan Infection: trichomoniasis

    Syphilis

    • Caused by Treponema pallidum bacterium
    • Transmission: direct contact with a syphilitic ulcer (chancre)
    • Can be transmitted to the fetus
    • Can cause irreversible damage to skin, bone, and liver, and heart problems and neuro problems if it invades corresponding areas
    • Stages:
      • Primary: highly infectious, development of chancre
      • Secondary: highly infectious, a few weeks after chancre heals, maculopapular rash on hands/feet, flu-like symptoms
      • Latent: lasts throughout life, asymptomatic
      • Late: non-infectious, organ damage, personality changes, heart valve issues, gummas (destructive lesions)
    • Diagnosis: Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) and Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) tests, confirmed by fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTAAbs) test
    • Treatment: Penicillin G benzathine

    Gonorrhea

    • Caused by Neisseria gonorrhea bacterium
    • Diagnosis: Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) urine test
    • Treatment: IM ceftriaxone with oral Azithromycin
    • Complications: disseminated gonococcal infection, neonatal gonococcal conjunctivitis

    Chlamydia

    • Most common reportable STI
    • Often poorly managed, inaccurately diagnosed, or undiagnosed until complications occur
    • Diagnosis: NAAT urine test
    • Treatment: Azithromycin or Doxycycline
    • Complications: infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

    Trichomoniasis

    • Parasitic infection
    • Transmission: through sexual fluids
    • Diagnosis: NAAT test, cultures
    • Treatment: Metronidazole (Flagyl) or Tinidazole (Tindamax)
    • Complications: inflammatory reaction, increased risk of HIV transmission

    Genital Herpes

    • Caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 or 2
    • Transmission: contact with infected person
    • Viral reactivation occurs when virus goes back to initial site of infection
    • Diagnosis: culture of lesions
    • Treatment: Antiviral medications, such as acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir
    • Complications: asymptomatic viral shedding, transmission during asymptomatic periods### Shock
    • Inadequate tissue perfusion leading to cellular, organ, and organ system death
    • Causes: problem with the pump, problem with the tubes, or problem with oxygen delivery
    • Reversible if caught in time

    Types of Shock

    • Cardiogenic: 16% of shock cases, occurs when systolic or diastolic dysfunction of the heart's pumping action results in reduced cardiac output, stroke volume, and blood pressure
    • Hypovolemic: 16% of shock cases, absolute or relative hypovolemia, external loss of whole blood or other body fluids, or fluid shifts
    • Distributive: 66% of shock cases, includes neurogenic, anaphylactic, and septic shock
    • Obstructive: 2% of shock cases, physical obstruction impedes the filling or outflow of blood, resulting in reduced cardiac output

    Distributive Shock

    • Neurogenic: hemodynamic consequence of spinal cord injury and/or disease at or above T5, spinal anesthesia, vasomotor center depression, severe pain, drugs, hypoglycemia, or injury
    • Anaphylactic: hypersensitivity (allergic reaction) to contrast media, blood/blood products, drugs, insect bites, or anesthetic agents
    • Septic: infection, pneumonia, peritonitis, urinary tract, respiratory tract, or invasive lines, at risk patients include older adults, children < 12 months, patients with chronic diseases, patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy, malnourished, diabetes mellitus, and debilitated patients

    Clinical Manifestations of Shock

    • Cardiovascular: decreased cardiac output, decreased CVP and PAOP, decreased SVR, decreased venous oxygen saturation (SvO2 or ScvO2), hypotension and bradycardia or tachycardia
    • Pulmonary: tachypnea, dyspnea, and crackles
    • Renal: decreased urine output, increased BUN and creatinine
    • Skin: cool, clammy, and pale
    • Neurologic: altered mental status, anxiety, and confusion
    • Gastrointestinal: nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain

    Diagnostic Findings

    • CBC-D: decreased hematocrit and hemoglobin, increased lactate
    • Electrolytes: changes, hypovolemic/hemorrhagic shock
    • Septic shock: increased WBC, decreased platelets, increased lactate (2.0-4.0 mmol/L)

    Collaborative Care

    • Identification of patients at risk for developing shock
    • Integration of patient's history, physical examination, and clinical findings to establish a diagnosis
    • Interventions to control or eliminate the cause of the decreased perfusion
    • Provision of multisystem supportive care

    Resuscitation

    • Targeted to normalize lactic acid, increased blood glucose, increased urine specific gravity, decreased urine NA+, and positive blood cultures
    • Interventions include oxygen and ventilation, fluid resuscitation, and drug therapy

    Stages of Shock

    • Initial: occurs at the cellular level, no clinical signs, lactic acid is a waste product that is removed by the liver, but this process requires oxygen
    • Compensatory: body activates neural, hormonal, and biochemical compensatory mechanisms to overcome the increasing consequences of anaerobic metabolism and maintain homeostasis
    • Progressive: begins as the compensatory mechanisms fail, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
    • Irreversible (refractory): multiple organ failure occurs, and death is imminent

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    Related Documents

    STI Student Notes PDF
    Valvular Surgery PDF
    Shock: Student Learning Outcomes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on syphilis and genital herpes with this quiz. Choose the correct statements about the symptoms, treatment, and stages of these sexually transmitted infections.

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