Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the average number of piglets born alive per litter?
What is the average number of piglets born alive per litter?
How many litters does a sow typically produce in her lifetime?
How many litters does a sow typically produce in her lifetime?
What is the primary goal of pig reproduction in terms of production efficiency?
What is the primary goal of pig reproduction in terms of production efficiency?
What is the average breeding ratio for boars to sows with natural breeding?
What is the average breeding ratio for boars to sows with natural breeding?
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What behavioral sign indicates that a sow is in estrus?
What behavioral sign indicates that a sow is in estrus?
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Which breed of pig is known for its erect ears?
Which breed of pig is known for its erect ears?
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What is a characteristic of the sow productivity trait?
What is a characteristic of the sow productivity trait?
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What is the typical age of pigs in the production cycle?
What is the typical age of pigs in the production cycle?
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Which of the following is NOT a step in a typical breeding program?
Which of the following is NOT a step in a typical breeding program?
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Which breed is primarily used for carcass merit in breeding programs?
Which breed is primarily used for carcass merit in breeding programs?
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What is the primary economic activity related to the Canadian swine industry?
What is the primary economic activity related to the Canadian swine industry?
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How do pig breeding companies enhance genetic improvement?
How do pig breeding companies enhance genetic improvement?
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What is the weight range for a Finisher Pig prior to market?
What is the weight range for a Finisher Pig prior to market?
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Which breed is primarily identified by floppy ears?
Which breed is primarily identified by floppy ears?
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At what age do pigs typically wean their young?
At what age do pigs typically wean their young?
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What role do Provincial Pork Marketing boards primarily play in Canada?
What role do Provincial Pork Marketing boards primarily play in Canada?
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What is the primary focus of a breeding company's program?
What is the primary focus of a breeding company's program?
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How is the pricing of pork established in Canada?
How is the pricing of pork established in Canada?
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Which term refers to newly weaned pigs that are approximately 3 weeks old?
Which term refers to newly weaned pigs that are approximately 3 weeks old?
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What percentage of Canadian farm cash receipts does the swine industry represent in 2023?
What percentage of Canadian farm cash receipts does the swine industry represent in 2023?
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What significant change occurred in the Canadian pork marketing sector in 2010?
What significant change occurred in the Canadian pork marketing sector in 2010?
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Study Notes
Announcements
- Hot Topic #3 is due next Tuesday
- Labs are cancelled next week
- Even-numbered lab groups meet at 2:30pm
- Odd-numbered lab groups meet at 4pm
- Midterms can be picked up in the lab next week
Swine Production
Definitions
- Gilt: Young female pig (until slaughter or first farrowing)
- Sow: A female pig that has reproduced
- Boar: A male pig that has reproduced
- Barrow: A castrated male pig
- Nursing Pigs: Piglets weighing 1kg at birth
- Weaning age: 2-5 weeks
- Weaner Pig: Newly weaned pig. Approximately 3 weeks old, and weighing about 6kg.
- Starter/Nursery Pig: Pig from weaning to ~25kg
- Grower Pig: Pig weighing 25-60kg
- Finisher Pig: Pig weighing 60+ kg, about to be marketed at 105-110kg; approximately 6 months old
- Hog: Growing/finishing pig.
Pork Production - Supply Chain Structure
- Pig Breeders
- Farrow to Finish Unit
- Feeder Pig Unit
- Grower-Finisher Unit
- Pork Producers' Marketing Board
- Slaughtering/Processing Plants
- Processing Plants
- Retailer
- Consumer
- Vertical integration has increased.
- The date of December 4th, 2010 is noted.
Canadian Pork Industry
- Free market (Large price volatility, heavily export dependent, no supply management)
- Pork marketed through Provincial Pork Marketing boards (mostly)
- Rule changed in 2010
- Priced on "value" of 7 market cutouts: rib, belly, butt, loin, picnic, ham, carcass.
Pork Carcass Cuts
- Neckbones, tail and cutting loss = 4%
- Butt (shoulder) = 10%
- Loin = 25%
- Sparerib = 5%
- Ham = 25%
- Jowl = 2%
- Picnic = 11%
- Belly = 16%
- Feet = 2%
Daily Market Outlook Report (Ontario Pork)
- Data reported on November 2nd, 2022.
- Currency used (US$/cwt) except when noted otherwise.
- Data included: CME Constructed 201 Price, Daily Average Exchange Rate, National Formula Price, National Direct Closing Average.
- USDA Wholesale Pork Price (unit = US$/cwt)
Swine Industry in Canada
- Farm cash receipts: $5.9 billion; 5.8% of total in 2023
- Live exports $735.3 million; 6.75 million hogs - Of these, 60% are weanlings destined to be finished in the US
- Pork exports $4.71 billion; 21.76 million hogs processed domestically and 2.29 million tonnes of pork.
Provincial Distribution of Pigs in Canada (2015)
- Data presented as a pie chart
- Provinces represented: Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Atlantic Provinces
Pig Herd and Number of Farms (Canada, 1921-2011)
- Data presented as a line graph
- X-axis: Year
- Y-axis: Number of Pigs (millions) & Number of Farms (thousands)
- Data points for 2021, 2022, 2023 are highlighted
Exports of Live Hogs (Canada, 2000-2011)
- Data presented as a line graph showing the number of hogs exported over the specified years
- COOL and H1N1 are mentioned with question marks.
Pork-Producing Countries (2018)
- Data presented as a pie chart, showing the leading exporters of pork in 2018
World Pork Export Shares (2018)
- Data presented as a pie chart showing proportion of world pork exports
- Canada is the 3rd largest exporter
Top 10 Value Markets for Canadian Pork
- Data presented as a world map with a pin for each market
- Top value markets are highlighted, in terms of millions
Swine Industry - Caught in Political Crossfire?
- This appears to be an article with an opinion. It discusses Canada's pork industry facing challenges.
Pig Production Cycle
- Diagram illustrating the stages of pig production (and corresponding timeframes)
Pig Breeds
- Yorkshire (Erect Ears)
- Landrace (Floppy Ears)
- Duroc
- Hampshire.
Comparison of Major Pig Breeds
- Table comparing sow productivity, rate of growth, and carcass merit for various breeds
Typical Breeding Program
- Diagram illustrating a typical breeding program that crosses pure breeds
Pig Breeding Companies
- Specialize in maximizing genetic progress using advanced technologies and producing specific lines
- Suggests best lines of gilts and boars need to be appropriate for various market needs
- Compete favourably with on-farm selection of breeding stock; becomes increasingly multinational
Genetic Improvement
- Data/Chart showing piglets per litter
Reproduction (Sows)
- First estrus around 120kg body weight
- Target breeding at 2nd estrus (around 150kg)
- Estrus cycle ~21 days
- Approximately 2.3 litters/year
- 114-115 gestation days
- 17-28 days lactation
- Approximately 5 litters per lifetime
- 9-12+ piglets born alive per litter
- Range of 6-24 piglets
- Re-bred 4-7 days after weaning
Signs of Estrus in Sows
- Swollen, red vulva
- Mucous discharge
- Stands to be mounted - by boar, pen-mates, or back pressure test
- Seeking boar
- Increased vocalizations
Breeding Using AI
- Details and types of AI
Reproduction (Boars)
- 1 boar per 20 sows
- Higher ratio with AI (artificial insemination)
- 85% of all breeding uses AI
Teaser Boars
- Help with estrus detection
- Help stimulate sows to ovulate.
- Reproduction of pheromones shown effective in increasing reproductive performance.
Reproduction: Goals
- Maximize the number of pigs born alive
- Minimize pre-weaning mortality
- Improve longevity
Maximum Lifetime Efficiency
- Factors influencing maximum lifetime efficiency in pig production: Reproductive lifespan, number of pigs weaned per litter, number of litters per year and weaning weight as important factors for efficiency.
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Description
Test your knowledge on pig reproduction, breeding practices, and economic aspects of the swine industry. This quiz covers various breeds, productivity traits, and market readiness of pigs. Perfect for students or professionals in animal science and agriculture.
