Sustainable Development Goals and Natural Capital
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Questions and Answers

What is the main environmental impact of the rapid burning of fossil fuels in the long run?

  • Stabilization of global temperatures
  • Decreased greenhouse gas emissions
  • Increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere (correct)
  • Improved air quality

    • The Kyoto Protocol treats all countries equally in terms of climate change responsibility.

    False

    What is the principle behind the Kyoto Protocol regarding climate change responsibility?

    Common but differentiated responsibilities.

    Homo sustinens emphasizes ______, cooperation, and long-term responsibility toward the environment.

    <p>sustainability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key components of the EU Decarbonisation programme?

    <p>Raising energy efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a goal of idealizational character for Sustainable Development?

    <p>Rapid industrial expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups with their characteristics regarding climate change responsibility:

    <p>Developed nations = Historically responsible for majority of emissions Developing nations = Less contribution to historical emissions, more vulnerable to climate impacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one sector included in the EU Decarbonisation programme.

    <p>Energy, Transport, Agriculture, or Housing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Environmental Assimilation Capacity is a component of natural capital.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one main direct factor of global warming.

    <p>Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle of common responsibility for climate change differentiates between ______ and developing nations.

    <p>developed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The strong principle of growth sustainability promotes ___________ of capital to ensure future generations have adequate resources.

    <p>savannah growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following natural capital components with their descriptions:

    <p>Exhaustible resources = Resources that cannot be replaced once depleted Renewable resources = Resources that can be replenished naturally over time Ecosystem services = Benefits provided by ecosystems to humans Resilience of ecosystems = The ability of ecosystems to recover from disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fertilizers is a direct factor contributing to global warming?

    <p>Nitrogen-containing fertilizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deforestation has no significant impact on global warming.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the weak principle of capital sustainability.

    <p>It allows for the substitution of natural capital with man-made capital while maintaining overall wellbeing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the weak principle of capital and growth sustainability emphasize?

    <p>Preserving the overall resource of capital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The strong principle of capital sustainability is mainly concerned with the preservation of economic growth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Brundtland Commission report, what is sustainable development?

    <p>Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ecological optimism in neoclassical economics believes that __________ mechanisms can solve environmental issues.

    <p>market</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory is part of the theoretical foundations of ecological optimism?

    <p>Hotelling’s principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the economic principles with their focus:

    <p>Weak principle of capital sustainability = Overall resource preservation Strong principle of capital sustainability = Preservation of all capital types and structure Ecological economics = Maintaining integrity of natural systems Neoclassical economics = Market-based environmental solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do indicators of environmental pressure primarily focus on?

    <p>Quantity and quality of natural resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ecological version of the Kuznets curve suggests that economic growth leads to ecological deterioration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key assumption of ecological optimism in neoclassical economics?

    <p>Economic growth and environmental sustainability can go hand in hand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The contingent valuation method involves asking individuals how much they would pay for environmental services.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one method commonly used to estimate the value of green areas in real estate markets.

    <p>Hedonic pricing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diversification of definitions of Sustainable Development is mostly based on the adoption of various criteria of __________.

    <p>sustainability of growth and capital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the methods of environmental valuation with their descriptions:

    <p>Hedonic pricing = Estimates value based on real estate features Contingent valuation method = Asks individuals about their willingness to pay Travel costs method = Calculates value based on visitation frequency Non-market related method = Assesses costs of environmental recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of environmental valuing?

    <p>Market analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Within the scheme of circular economy, in the sub-system of natural resources, outcomes of economic processes depend on the relation: __________.

    <p>Rate of yield (recovery) of a given resource – rate of extraction (depletion)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one indicator that characterizes the quality of environmental components.

    <p>Indicators of environmental state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sustainable Development Goals

    • Increased real per capita income
    • Improved societal health and nutrition
    • Fair access to crucial natural resources (e.g., clean water, energy, quality food)
    • Human capital development
    • Reducing social exclusion and income inequality

    Natural Capital Components

    • Exhaustible resources (historical time)
    • Renewable resources (historical time)
    • Environmental Assimilation Capacity
    • Ecosystem resilience and services

    Global Warming Factors

    • Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) -> CO2 and N2O emissions
    • Power plants, industry (cement, steel, iron), transport, residential/commercial heating
    • Deforestation, including forest fires
    • Increasing livestock farming (cattle breeding) -> NH4 emissions

    Capital/Growth Sustainability

    • Weak principle: Preserving overall capital (natural, human, etc.) without specific structure focus. Often associated with market-based solutions in neoclassical economics.
    • Strong principle: Preserving all forms of capital (amount and structure). Closely linked to ecological economics, emphasizing maintaining natural systems and limits to growth.

    Sustainability Definition (Brundtland Report)

    • Development that meets current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs.

    Ecological Optimism (Neoclassical Economics)

    • Belief that market mechanisms and technology can solve environmental problems without hindering economic growth.
    • Often assumes economic growth and sustainability can coexist via innovation.
    • Theoretical foundations include Hotelling's principle and Nordhaus' back-stop technology.

    Environmental Pressure and State Indicators

    • Pressure: Anthropogenic loads on the environment, considering the quantity and quality of resources (renewable and non-renewable).
    • State: Characterizes the quality of environmental components and the quantity/quality of natural resources. Reflects environmental policy goals.

    Environmental Valuation Methods

    • Hedonic pricing: Estimating the value of environmental assets (e.g., green spaces) in real estate markets.
    • Contingent valuation: Surveying willingness to pay (WTP) or accept (WTA) for environmental services.
    • Travel costs: Valuing areas visited frequently based on costs and investment (e.g., parks).
    • Non-market related methods: Using costs of environmental recovery (e.g., pollution cleanup).

    Sustainable Development Definitions

    • Focuses on adopting various criteria of sustainability and socially acceptable scope.
    • May include substitution of natural capital for anthropogenic capital.

    Circular Economy and Natural Resources (Sub-system)

    • Outcomes of economic processes depend on the relations between natural resource extraction rate and yield.

    Functional Division of SD Indicators

    • Extraction of natural resources
    • Emissions, immissions, pollution deposition
    • Supporting life processes (ecosystem services)
    • Environmental impact on social welfare

    Impact of Fossil Fuel Burning

    • Rapid fossil fuel consumption -> increase in greenhouse gases.
    • Global temperature increases and climate change.

    Kyoto Protocol and Responsibility

    • Principle of common responsibility for climate change.
    • Differentiated responsibility between developed and developing countries due to different historical emissions and vulnerability.

    EU Decarbonization Programme

    • Includes all sectors (energy, transport, etc.).
    • Aspects include energy efficiency improvements, shifting to renewable energy, and improved energy management.

    Agriculture, Housing, and Homo Sustinens

    • Homo sustinens: A microeconomic/anthropological foundation of sustainable development emphasizing sustainability, cooperation, and long-term environmental responsibility.
    • Paris Climate Agreement (2016): Aims to limit global warming, balances emissions and their absorption by natural sinks, primarily focusing on climate neutrality by the end of 21st century.

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    Description

    Explore the various components and goals of sustainable development through this quiz. Understand the impact of global warming factors, the importance of natural capital, and the principles of capital growth sustainability. Test your knowledge on how these elements intertwine to foster a sustainable future.

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