Sustainable Development Goals and Natural Capital
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Questions and Answers

What is the main environmental impact of the rapid burning of fossil fuels in the long run?

  • Stabilization of global temperatures
  • Decreased greenhouse gas emissions
  • Increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere (correct)
  • Improved air quality

The Kyoto Protocol treats all countries equally in terms of climate change responsibility.

False (B)

What is the principle behind the Kyoto Protocol regarding climate change responsibility?

Common but differentiated responsibilities.

Homo sustinens emphasizes ______, cooperation, and long-term responsibility toward the environment.

<p>sustainability</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key components of the EU Decarbonisation programme?

<p>Raising energy efficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a goal of idealizational character for Sustainable Development?

<p>Rapid industrial expansion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following groups with their characteristics regarding climate change responsibility:

<p>Developed nations = Historically responsible for majority of emissions Developing nations = Less contribution to historical emissions, more vulnerable to climate impacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one sector included in the EU Decarbonisation programme.

<p>Energy, Transport, Agriculture, or Housing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Environmental Assimilation Capacity is a component of natural capital.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one main direct factor of global warming.

<p>Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The principle of common responsibility for climate change differentiates between ______ and developing nations.

<p>developed</p> Signup and view all the answers

The strong principle of growth sustainability promotes ___________ of capital to ensure future generations have adequate resources.

<p>savannah growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following natural capital components with their descriptions:

<p>Exhaustible resources = Resources that cannot be replaced once depleted Renewable resources = Resources that can be replenished naturally over time Ecosystem services = Benefits provided by ecosystems to humans Resilience of ecosystems = The ability of ecosystems to recover from disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fertilizers is a direct factor contributing to global warming?

<p>Nitrogen-containing fertilizers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deforestation has no significant impact on global warming.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the weak principle of capital sustainability.

<p>It allows for the substitution of natural capital with man-made capital while maintaining overall wellbeing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the weak principle of capital and growth sustainability emphasize?

<p>Preserving the overall resource of capital (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The strong principle of capital sustainability is mainly concerned with the preservation of economic growth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Brundtland Commission report, what is sustainable development?

<p>Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ecological optimism in neoclassical economics believes that __________ mechanisms can solve environmental issues.

<p>market</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory is part of the theoretical foundations of ecological optimism?

<p>Hotelling’s principle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the economic principles with their focus:

<p>Weak principle of capital sustainability = Overall resource preservation Strong principle of capital sustainability = Preservation of all capital types and structure Ecological economics = Maintaining integrity of natural systems Neoclassical economics = Market-based environmental solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do indicators of environmental pressure primarily focus on?

<p>Quantity and quality of natural resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ecological version of the Kuznets curve suggests that economic growth leads to ecological deterioration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key assumption of ecological optimism in neoclassical economics?

<p>Economic growth and environmental sustainability can go hand in hand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The contingent valuation method involves asking individuals how much they would pay for environmental services.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one method commonly used to estimate the value of green areas in real estate markets.

<p>Hedonic pricing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diversification of definitions of Sustainable Development is mostly based on the adoption of various criteria of __________.

<p>sustainability of growth and capital</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the methods of environmental valuation with their descriptions:

<p>Hedonic pricing = Estimates value based on real estate features Contingent valuation method = Asks individuals about their willingness to pay Travel costs method = Calculates value based on visitation frequency Non-market related method = Assesses costs of environmental recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of environmental valuing?

<p>Market analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the scheme of circular economy, in the sub-system of natural resources, outcomes of economic processes depend on the relation: __________.

<p>Rate of yield (recovery) of a given resource – rate of extraction (depletion)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one indicator that characterizes the quality of environmental components.

<p>Indicators of environmental state</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Increased Real Per Capita Income

An increase in the average income of a population, adjusted for inflation and population growth.

Improvement of Society's Health and Nutrition Level

A measure of the overall well-being of a society, including factors like access to healthcare, education, and a healthy environment.

Fair Access to Natural Resources

The fair allocation of resources like clean water, energy, and agricultural goods, ensuring equal access for all individuals.

Human Capital Development

The knowledge, skills, and abilities of individuals, which contribute to a society's economic and social development.

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Growth of Social Cohesion

The ability of a society to function smoothly and cohesively, minimizing social divisions and inequalities.

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Exhaustible Resources

Natural resources that can be depleted with use, over a period relevant to human civilization.

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Renewable Resources

Natural resources that can replenish themselves naturally over a relatively short period of time.

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Environmental Assimilation Capacity

The capacity of the environment to absorb and process pollutants, including waste and greenhouse gases.

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Weak principle of capital sustainability

Preserving the overall amount of capital, but without considering the different types of capital, such as natural, anthropogenic, human, and social capital.

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Strong principle of capital sustainability

Requires maintaining all types of capital, both in terms of quantity and composition.

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Sustainability of social-economic development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

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Ecological optimism

The belief that markets and technology can solve environmental problems without hindering economic growth.

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Hotelling's principle

A theory suggesting that resource scarcity will increase prices, promoting innovation and ultimately leading to technological solutions.

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Nordhaus' concept of back-stop technology

The idea that a technological breakthrough can make a resource abundant and effectively limitless.

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Ecological Kuznets curve

A theory suggesting that environmental degradation initially increases with economic growth, but eventually declines as societies become wealthier and prioritize environmental protection.

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Indicators of environmental pressure

Indicators that reflect the pressure humans put on the environment, such as pollution levels or resource depletion.

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Indicators of Environmental State

They reflect the state of the environment by measuring the quality of its components, like water, air, and soil.

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Hedonic Pricing

A method of assessing the value of environmental benefits, often used for valuing green areas and landscapes.

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Contingent Valuation Method

A method to determine the value of environmental goods or services by asking people how much they'd pay for them.

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Travel Costs Method

A method to estimate the value of recreational areas based on the costs people incur to visit them.

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Non-Market Related Method

A valuation method that considers the costs involved in restoring or cleaning up the environment.

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Diversification of Sustainable Development Definitions

Different definitions of sustainable development are primarily based on the criteria of sustainability of growth and capital, and the acceptable level of substitution of natural capital for manufactured capital.

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Circular Economy Resource Management

Within a circular economy, the success of resource management depends on the balance between the rate at which a resource is extracted and its rate of recovery.

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Homo Sustiniens

A vision of human behavior focused on sustainability, cooperation, and long-term responsibility towards the environment and future generations. It emphasizes the importance of thinking about future consequences.

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Decarbonization

The process of reducing the reliance on carbon-based energy sources (like fossil fuels) and shifting towards cleaner, renewable alternatives. It aims to lessen the impact on the environment.

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Kyoto Protocol

The international agreement that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to combat climate change. It recognizes that developed countries have a greater historical responsibility for carbon emissions.

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Climate Change

The gradual increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily from burning fossil fuels, leading to a rise in global temperatures and changes in weather patterns.

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Pollution Emission

The release of pollutants into the environment, typically from human activities. This can involve gases (like carbon dioxide), liquids (like sewage), or solids (like plastic).

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Impact on Social Welfare

The impact on human well-being and society caused by environmental changes. It includes factors like access to clean water, air quality, and overall quality of life.

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Pollution Concentration

The measurable concentration of a pollutant in a specific area, such as the air, water, or soil. It helps determine the level of contamination.

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Study Notes

Sustainable Development Goals

  • Increased real per capita income
  • Improved societal health and nutrition
  • Fair access to crucial natural resources (e.g., clean water, energy, quality food)
  • Human capital development
  • Reducing social exclusion and income inequality

Natural Capital Components

  • Exhaustible resources (historical time)
  • Renewable resources (historical time)
  • Environmental Assimilation Capacity
  • Ecosystem resilience and services

Global Warming Factors

  • Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) -> CO2 and N2O emissions
  • Power plants, industry (cement, steel, iron), transport, residential/commercial heating
  • Deforestation, including forest fires
  • Increasing livestock farming (cattle breeding) -> NH4 emissions

Capital/Growth Sustainability

  • Weak principle: Preserving overall capital (natural, human, etc.) without specific structure focus. Often associated with market-based solutions in neoclassical economics.
  • Strong principle: Preserving all forms of capital (amount and structure). Closely linked to ecological economics, emphasizing maintaining natural systems and limits to growth.

Sustainability Definition (Brundtland Report)

  • Development that meets current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs.

Ecological Optimism (Neoclassical Economics)

  • Belief that market mechanisms and technology can solve environmental problems without hindering economic growth.
  • Often assumes economic growth and sustainability can coexist via innovation.
  • Theoretical foundations include Hotelling's principle and Nordhaus' back-stop technology.

Environmental Pressure and State Indicators

  • Pressure: Anthropogenic loads on the environment, considering the quantity and quality of resources (renewable and non-renewable).
  • State: Characterizes the quality of environmental components and the quantity/quality of natural resources. Reflects environmental policy goals.

Environmental Valuation Methods

  • Hedonic pricing: Estimating the value of environmental assets (e.g., green spaces) in real estate markets.
  • Contingent valuation: Surveying willingness to pay (WTP) or accept (WTA) for environmental services.
  • Travel costs: Valuing areas visited frequently based on costs and investment (e.g., parks).
  • Non-market related methods: Using costs of environmental recovery (e.g., pollution cleanup).

Sustainable Development Definitions

  • Focuses on adopting various criteria of sustainability and socially acceptable scope.
  • May include substitution of natural capital for anthropogenic capital.

Circular Economy and Natural Resources (Sub-system)

  • Outcomes of economic processes depend on the relations between natural resource extraction rate and yield.

Functional Division of SD Indicators

  • Extraction of natural resources
  • Emissions, immissions, pollution deposition
  • Supporting life processes (ecosystem services)
  • Environmental impact on social welfare

Impact of Fossil Fuel Burning

  • Rapid fossil fuel consumption -> increase in greenhouse gases.
  • Global temperature increases and climate change.

Kyoto Protocol and Responsibility

  • Principle of common responsibility for climate change.
  • Differentiated responsibility between developed and developing countries due to different historical emissions and vulnerability.

EU Decarbonization Programme

  • Includes all sectors (energy, transport, etc.).
  • Aspects include energy efficiency improvements, shifting to renewable energy, and improved energy management.

Agriculture, Housing, and Homo Sustinens

  • Homo sustinens: A microeconomic/anthropological foundation of sustainable development emphasizing sustainability, cooperation, and long-term environmental responsibility.
  • Paris Climate Agreement (2016): Aims to limit global warming, balances emissions and their absorption by natural sinks, primarily focusing on climate neutrality by the end of 21st century.

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Description

Explore the various components and goals of sustainable development through this quiz. Understand the impact of global warming factors, the importance of natural capital, and the principles of capital growth sustainability. Test your knowledge on how these elements intertwine to foster a sustainable future.

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