Test z poprzedniego roku PDF

Test z poprzedniego roku 1. List Sustainable Development's goals of idealizational character Goals of a idealizational character Increase in real per capita income Improvement of society’s health and nurtrition level...

Test z poprzedniego roku 1. List Sustainable Development's goals of idealizational character Goals of a idealizational character Increase in real per capita income Improvement of society’s health and nurtrition level Fair access to natural resources (especially those crucial for health and safety; e.g. drinking water, primary energy carriers or good quality agricultural raw materials) Human capital development Growth of social cohesion through reduction of different types of social exclusion and preventing from excessive income stratification 2. List the main components of natural capital The components of natural capital: exhaustible (in historical time) resources, renewable (in historical time) resources, environmental Assimilation Capacity, ability to support live processes with taking into account the resilience of ecosystems, ecosystem services 3. What are main direct factors of global warming Burning coal, oil, and gas (fossil fuels), which produces CO2 and N20; power plant sector, industry (in particular, cement works, steel and iron), transport, residential (housing) and communal sector (heating), Deforestation, including forest burning Increasing livestock farming (in particular, cattle breeding (разведение) NH4)) Test z poprzedniego roku 1  Fertilizers containing nitrogen, which produce N20 emissions (first of all, grain production) Fluorinated gases, which produce a very strong warming effect 4. What mean (1) the weak principle of capital/growth sustainability and (2) the strong principle of capital/growth sustainability. Link those two notions with (a) neoclassical environmental economics and (b) ecological economics. Weak principle of capital and growth sustainability – means the need for preserving the overall resource of capital, without taking into account its structure: natural capital, anthropogenic capital, human capital, social capital. This principle is often linked to neoclassical environmental economics, which emphasizes market-based solutions and the efficient allocation of resources. Strong principle of capital sustainability – requires to preserve all kinds of capital, both in terms of their amount and structure. This principle is closely associated with ecological economics, which focuses on maintaining the integrity of natural systems and recognizing the limits of economic growth. These two perspectives represent contrasting views on how to balance economic development with environmental preservation. 5. Give (in accordance with the Brundtland’s Commission report) the definition of sustainability of social-economic development „Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” 6. What is the ecological optimism of neoclassical economics and what are its theoretical foundations The ecological optimism in neoclassical economics is the belief that market mechanisms and technological advancements can address environmental issues without compromising economic growth. This perspective assumes that economic growth and environmental sustainability can go hand in hand, often through innovations that reduce resource consumption and pollution. Theoretical foundations of ecological optimism: Hotelling’s principle and Nordhaus’ concept of back-stop technology Test z poprzedniego roku 2  Ecological version of Kuznets curve, showing the socio-economic mechanism of preventing from ecological deterioration 7. What describe indicators of env. pressure and state? INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURE describe anthropogenic loads of the environment, with taking into account the quantity and quality of renewable and exhaustible natural resources. INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATE characterize the quality of environmental components, as well as the quality and quantity of natural resources. Hence, they reflect ultimate goals of ecological policy. 8. List env. valuing mathods and techniques Environmental valuing ‘оценка состояния окр. среды’ methods and techniques 1. Hedonic pricing (frequently used for real estate markets to estimate the value of green areas, landscape etc.) 2. Contingent valuation method → asking people (in a survey) how much they would be willing to pay for specific environmental services (customers’ Willingness-To-Pay (WTP) for environmental improvement or Willingness-To-Accept (WTA) for environmental deterioration ‘ухудшение’) 3. Travel costs method (environmentally valuable areas being frequently visited) 4. Non-market related method (e.g. based on costs (investment and others) of environmental recovery) 9. Complete the following sentence: “diversification od definitions of Sustainable Development is mostly based on the adoption of various criteria of …… and particularly determined by socially acceptable scope of …… a. sustainability of growth and capital b. substitution (замена) of natural capital for anthropogenic capital 10. Complete the following sentence: within the scheme of circular economy, in the sub-system of natural resources, outcomes of economic processes Test z poprzedniego roku 3  depend on the relation: …… Rate of yield (recovery) of a given resource – rate of extraction (depletion) 11. List functional division of SD indicators Functional division (разделение) of SD indicators: 1. Extraction of natural resources 2. Emission, imission (concentration) and deposition of pollution 3. Life supporting processes (ecosystem services and capability of the environment to assimilate (поглощать) pollution and waste) 4. Impact on the social welfare (well-being) 12. Complete the following sentence: in the long run, rapidly growing burning of fossil fuels leads to …… and this way to the rise of …… an increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere global temperatures and climate change 13. The Kyoto Protocol is based on the principle of common responsibility for the climate change but recognizes the diversification of that responsibility with respect to two groups of countries. Explain it briefly This principle separates countries into two main groups: developed nations, which are historically responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions due to their industrialization developing nations, which have contributed less to historical emissions and are often more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change 14. Describe briefly the decarbonization programme of EU as a part of its climate policy EU Decarbonisation programme includes all sectors: 1. Energetic transformation ((1) raising energy efficiency, (2) declining energy intensity, (3) transformation towards renewable primary energy carriers, (4) improved energy managment) 2. Transport Test z poprzedniego roku 4  3. Agriculture 4. Housing and others 15. Give the definition of homo sustinens as a microeconomic (anthropological) foundation of the theory of Sustainable Development Homo sustinens represents a vision of human behavior emphasizing 1) sustainability, 2) cooperation, and 3) long-term responsibility toward the environment and future generations (contrasting with the homo economicus) 16. What are main global objectives of 2016 Paris agreement on prevention from global climate change Main global objectives: to prevent from the increase of average Earth surface temperature above 1,50 C in relation to the pre-Industrial Revolution time till the year 2050 and maximum 20 C in the year 2100 to achieve the balance between anthropogenic emissions and their absorption by different "sinks of GHGs" (mostly forests and other greenery areas) in the second half of XXI centur > the so called climate neutrality Test z poprzedniego roku 5