37 Questions
What is the bias towards multiples being included in the survey?
25 multiples in responding pharmacies
Which level of deprivation shows the highest proportion of responding pharmacies?
Moderate
What is the percentage of male pharmacists?
51%
What age group has the highest percentage among pharmacists?
41-50
Why was the survey biased towards younger pharmacists?
Age distribution of pharmacist register showed bias towards younger pharmacists
Which reference provides a review of best practice applicable to surveys of health service staff and patients?
E McColl et al Health Technology Assessment programmemonograph 2001;5:31
What is a potential advantage of using questionnaires for conducting surveys?
Relatively quick to administer
Why does questionnaire development require careful consideration?
To avoid assuming respondents understand the questions
What is a limitation of the researcher's control over the focus of questions and answers in questionnaires?
Potential bias based on researcher's perspectives
What is a potential drawback of using questionnaires for gathering data?
Potential bias based on researcher's perspectives
What type of questions can allow comparability between sub-groups or over time?
Structured questions
Why might anonymity in questionnaires encourage openness in respondents?
To ensure honesty in responses
What is a potential advantage of using questionnaires for conducting surveys?
Relatively cheap to administer
What should researchers be cautious about when developing questionnaires?
Assuming respondents understand the questions
What impact does questionnaire development have on minimizing non-response bias?
Helps minimize non-response bias
What is a potential drawback of using questionnaires for gathering data?
Reliance on researcher's perspectives
Which method is used to test the validity of a questionnaire?
Cognitive interviewing
What can be used to help develop the content of a questionnaire?
Focus groups
What is the main consideration when distributing questionnaire surveys online?
Potential limitations
What is a characteristic of closed questions in a questionnaire?
Defined options
Which type of survey covers the entire population and asks the same core questions everywhere?
Census
What is an important aspect of questionnaire design with regard to language and structure?
Avoiding technical language and double negatives
What can provide valuable insights for questionnaire design?
Previous questionnaires and distribution methods
Which method combines qualitative and quantitative techniques?
Mixed methods
'Ethical considerations, including obtaining permission and protecting respondent confidentiality, should also be addressed.' - What aspect of questionnaire research is being emphasized in this statement?
Ensuring ethical conduct
Which survey method is easy to use, quick to send, but may not be anonymous?
SurveyMonkey
Which type of validity ensures that the instrument covers the intended constructs?
Face validity
Which type of bias involves differences between responders and non-responders?
Non-response bias
What is important to consider during the piloting and testing stage of a survey?
Including additional questions about completion time and question difficulty
Which type of reliability ensures consistent application of the instrument?
Inter-rater reliability
What is essential to ensure accurate data in surveys?
Multiple distribution methods
Which survey method does not require internet access but may need correct addresses and incur postal costs?
Paper surveys
What is used to learn how potential respondents interpret survey questions?
Cognitive interviewing
Which bias can researchers avoid but need to account for measurement and non-response bias?
Measurement bias
What can researchers do to understand non-responders in surveys?
Compare responders and non-responders to quantify potential bias
What is an effective method for maximizing response rates in surveys?
Free postage for returns
Which type of validity assesses whether the questionnaire measures what it's supposed to measure compared to other instruments?
Criterion-referenced validity
Study Notes
- SurveyMonkey, Qualtrics, and paper surveys are common methods for data collection. - SurveyMonkey and Qualtrics are easy to use, quick to send, and free or cheap. However, they may require email addresses, may end up in spam, and may not be anonymous. Formatting can be complex.
- Paper surveys have consistent formatting and don't require internet access, but they need correct addresses, and there are postal costs for sending and returning them. They may get lost in the mail.
- For small numbers of respondents, face-to-face or telephone surveys are effective, taking more researcher time but less respondent time, and not dependent on respondents for return. They require phone numbers.
- In the piloting and testing stage, it's important to use the same type of people as the target population but from a different population. Cognitive interviewing is used to learn how potential respondents interpret questions. Pilot testing should include additional questions about completion time and question difficulty.
- There are several types of validity to consider: face validity, content validity, and criterion-referenced validity. Face validity ensures that the instrument covers the constructs intended. Content validity checks that the content is appropriate and understood by respondents. Criterion-referenced validity assesses whether the questionnaire measures what it's supposed to measure compared to other instruments.
- Reliability is also important, with inter-rater reliability ensuring consistent application of the instrument, test-retest reliability ensuring consistent results, and internal reliability ensuring consistent results from similar items.
- The four main types of bias in surveys are sampling bias, exclusion bias, measurement bias, and non-response bias. Researchers can avoid sampling and exclusion bias but need to account for measurement and non-response bias.
- Maximizing response rates is essential to ensure accurate data. Methods for doing so include multiple distribution methods, multiple contacts and reminders, high-quality covering letters, attractive questionnaire design, free postage for returns, endorsements, and incentives.
- Non-responders are important to understand and may differ from responders, affecting the accuracy of the data. Researchers can compare responders and non-responders to quantify potential bias, analyze late responders, or contact non-responders to determine why they chose not to participate.
Test your knowledge on different survey methods and their pros and cons. Explore the advantages and disadvantages of online, paper-based, and face-to-face/telephone surveys.
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