Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the bias towards multiples being included in the survey?
What is the bias towards multiples being included in the survey?
Which level of deprivation shows the highest proportion of responding pharmacies?
Which level of deprivation shows the highest proportion of responding pharmacies?
What is the percentage of male pharmacists?
What is the percentage of male pharmacists?
What age group has the highest percentage among pharmacists?
What age group has the highest percentage among pharmacists?
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Why was the survey biased towards younger pharmacists?
Why was the survey biased towards younger pharmacists?
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Which reference provides a review of best practice applicable to surveys of health service staff and patients?
Which reference provides a review of best practice applicable to surveys of health service staff and patients?
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What is a potential advantage of using questionnaires for conducting surveys?
What is a potential advantage of using questionnaires for conducting surveys?
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Why does questionnaire development require careful consideration?
Why does questionnaire development require careful consideration?
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What is a limitation of the researcher's control over the focus of questions and answers in questionnaires?
What is a limitation of the researcher's control over the focus of questions and answers in questionnaires?
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What is a potential drawback of using questionnaires for gathering data?
What is a potential drawback of using questionnaires for gathering data?
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What type of questions can allow comparability between sub-groups or over time?
What type of questions can allow comparability between sub-groups or over time?
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Why might anonymity in questionnaires encourage openness in respondents?
Why might anonymity in questionnaires encourage openness in respondents?
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What is a potential advantage of using questionnaires for conducting surveys?
What is a potential advantage of using questionnaires for conducting surveys?
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What should researchers be cautious about when developing questionnaires?
What should researchers be cautious about when developing questionnaires?
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What impact does questionnaire development have on minimizing non-response bias?
What impact does questionnaire development have on minimizing non-response bias?
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What is a potential drawback of using questionnaires for gathering data?
What is a potential drawback of using questionnaires for gathering data?
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Which method is used to test the validity of a questionnaire?
Which method is used to test the validity of a questionnaire?
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What can be used to help develop the content of a questionnaire?
What can be used to help develop the content of a questionnaire?
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What is the main consideration when distributing questionnaire surveys online?
What is the main consideration when distributing questionnaire surveys online?
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What is a characteristic of closed questions in a questionnaire?
What is a characteristic of closed questions in a questionnaire?
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Which type of survey covers the entire population and asks the same core questions everywhere?
Which type of survey covers the entire population and asks the same core questions everywhere?
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What is an important aspect of questionnaire design with regard to language and structure?
What is an important aspect of questionnaire design with regard to language and structure?
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What can provide valuable insights for questionnaire design?
What can provide valuable insights for questionnaire design?
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Which method combines qualitative and quantitative techniques?
Which method combines qualitative and quantitative techniques?
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'Ethical considerations, including obtaining permission and protecting respondent confidentiality, should also be addressed.' - What aspect of questionnaire research is being emphasized in this statement?
'Ethical considerations, including obtaining permission and protecting respondent confidentiality, should also be addressed.' - What aspect of questionnaire research is being emphasized in this statement?
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Which survey method is easy to use, quick to send, but may not be anonymous?
Which survey method is easy to use, quick to send, but may not be anonymous?
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Which type of validity ensures that the instrument covers the intended constructs?
Which type of validity ensures that the instrument covers the intended constructs?
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Which type of bias involves differences between responders and non-responders?
Which type of bias involves differences between responders and non-responders?
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What is important to consider during the piloting and testing stage of a survey?
What is important to consider during the piloting and testing stage of a survey?
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Which type of reliability ensures consistent application of the instrument?
Which type of reliability ensures consistent application of the instrument?
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What is essential to ensure accurate data in surveys?
What is essential to ensure accurate data in surveys?
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Which survey method does not require internet access but may need correct addresses and incur postal costs?
Which survey method does not require internet access but may need correct addresses and incur postal costs?
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What is used to learn how potential respondents interpret survey questions?
What is used to learn how potential respondents interpret survey questions?
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Which bias can researchers avoid but need to account for measurement and non-response bias?
Which bias can researchers avoid but need to account for measurement and non-response bias?
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What can researchers do to understand non-responders in surveys?
What can researchers do to understand non-responders in surveys?
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What is an effective method for maximizing response rates in surveys?
What is an effective method for maximizing response rates in surveys?
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Which type of validity assesses whether the questionnaire measures what it's supposed to measure compared to other instruments?
Which type of validity assesses whether the questionnaire measures what it's supposed to measure compared to other instruments?
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Study Notes
- SurveyMonkey, Qualtrics, and paper surveys are common methods for data collection. - SurveyMonkey and Qualtrics are easy to use, quick to send, and free or cheap. However, they may require email addresses, may end up in spam, and may not be anonymous. Formatting can be complex.
- Paper surveys have consistent formatting and don't require internet access, but they need correct addresses, and there are postal costs for sending and returning them. They may get lost in the mail.
- For small numbers of respondents, face-to-face or telephone surveys are effective, taking more researcher time but less respondent time, and not dependent on respondents for return. They require phone numbers.
- In the piloting and testing stage, it's important to use the same type of people as the target population but from a different population. Cognitive interviewing is used to learn how potential respondents interpret questions. Pilot testing should include additional questions about completion time and question difficulty.
- There are several types of validity to consider: face validity, content validity, and criterion-referenced validity. Face validity ensures that the instrument covers the constructs intended. Content validity checks that the content is appropriate and understood by respondents. Criterion-referenced validity assesses whether the questionnaire measures what it's supposed to measure compared to other instruments.
- Reliability is also important, with inter-rater reliability ensuring consistent application of the instrument, test-retest reliability ensuring consistent results, and internal reliability ensuring consistent results from similar items.
- The four main types of bias in surveys are sampling bias, exclusion bias, measurement bias, and non-response bias. Researchers can avoid sampling and exclusion bias but need to account for measurement and non-response bias.
- Maximizing response rates is essential to ensure accurate data. Methods for doing so include multiple distribution methods, multiple contacts and reminders, high-quality covering letters, attractive questionnaire design, free postage for returns, endorsements, and incentives.
- Non-responders are important to understand and may differ from responders, affecting the accuracy of the data. Researchers can compare responders and non-responders to quantify potential bias, analyze late responders, or contact non-responders to determine why they chose not to participate.
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Description
Test your knowledge on different survey methods and their pros and cons. Explore the advantages and disadvantages of online, paper-based, and face-to-face/telephone surveys.
