L8 Structured Interviewing and Surveys
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Questions and Answers

What is a common source of error related to how the information is recorded during an interview?

  • Data coding or computer entry errors (correct)
  • Interviewee's interest in the research
  • Poorly worded questions
  • Misunderstanding on the part of the interviewer

Which of the following reasons may lead a respondent to decline participation in a survey?

  • The respondent is busy but agrees to help
  • The interviewer's approach is pleasant and inviting
  • The respondent is enthusiastic about helping the researcher
  • The purpose of the interview is unclear (correct)

Which aspect of structured interviews can help minimize variability in responses?

  • Allowing respondents to change their answers freely
  • Providing multiple personal discussion points
  • Relying on closed questions (correct)
  • Using open-ended questions exclusively

What is an important consideration when designing self-completion questionnaires?

<p>The clarity of the questions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might interviewers use closed questions in structured interviews?

<p>They simplify coding and interpretation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a Simple Random Sample?

<p>Each unit has an equal chance of inclusion and is independent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling method requires dividing the population into groups based on specific characteristics?

<p>Stratified Random Sampling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of increasing sample size in research?

<p>It may increase the time and cost of the research. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered crucial when determining sample size?

<p>Quality of data collection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In systematic sampling, what is essential for selecting the sample?

<p>Members are selected based on their assigned order within the population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Multi-stage Cluster Sampling from other sampling methods?

<p>It employs random selection at multiple stages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should probability sampling methods be prioritized in research?

<p>When making inferences about a wider population is intended. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling method involves selecting every nth member of the population after numbering them?

<p>Systematic Sampling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of non-probability sampling techniques?

<p>It focuses more on typical cases than on overall numbers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage involves assessing whether the survey instrument functions as intended before full deployment?

<p>Pilot-test survey instrument (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a structured interview?

<p>An interview technique that standardizes questions to ensure consistency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical skill required to analyze data effectively?

<p>Understanding appropriate data analysis techniques. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a data collection method mentioned?

<p>Focus group discussions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of administering a survey?

<p>To gather responses via standardized questions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about respondent motivation is accurate?

<p>Understanding logistics can aid in motivating respondents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which resource is essential when preparing the survey instrument?

<p>A literature review. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of using online surveys?

<p>They are attractive and easy to follow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of quota sampling in research?

<p>Achieving a specific number of responses from certain groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Simple Random Sample

A sampling method where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, and selections are independent of each other.

Systematic Sample

A sampling method that selects every nth unit from a list. The first unit is chosen randomly.

Stratified Random Sample

Dividing the population into groups (strata) based on characteristics, then randomly sampling from each group.

Multi-stage Cluster Sampling

Sampling a wider population by selecting random clusters and then randomly taking a sample from the selected clusters.

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Sampling Frame

A list of all units in the population to be sampled. Crucial for accurate sampling.

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Population

The entire group of individuals or items from which a sample is taken.

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Sample Size

The number of individuals or items included in the sample. Consideration is given to time, cost, non-response and population heterogeneity.

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Generalizability

The ability to apply findings from a sample to the larger population. A representative sample is required.

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Non-Probability Sampling

A sampling method not relying on random selection, often used in qualitative research where the focus is on understanding specific cases and less on overall representation.

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Snowball Sampling

A non-probability sampling technique where participants recommend others who might be suitable for the study.

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Convenience Sampling

A non-probability sampling method using readily available participants.

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Quota Sampling

A non-probability sampling method where the researcher aims to achieve a specific proportion of different groups in the sample.

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Survey Design

Planning the survey, including choosing the best research approach and methods.

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Pilot-testing

Testing the survey instrument before the main data collection to identify and fix potential issues.

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Structured Interview

A standardized interview method where every participant responds to the same questions and stimuli.

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Survey Administration

Conducting the survey using various methods (interviews, mail, online).

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Data Analysis

Processing and interpreting the collected data to draw meaningful conclusions.

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Data Reporting

Presenting the findings of the analysis in a clear and effective manner.

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Interviewee Error

Mistakes or inaccuracies made by the person being interviewed, which may arise from misunderstanding a question, forgetfulness, or providing inaccurate information.

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Interviewer Error

Mistakes made by the interviewer in asking questions or recording information, potentially affecting the validity and accuracy of the responses.

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Closed Questions

Interview questions that provide a limited set of predetermined answers, often requiring respondents to select from a set of options.

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Respondent Motivation

Reasons why people participate in interviews or surveys, like interest in the work, a desire to help, politeness, or free time.

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Self-Administered Questionnaire

A type of survey or questionnaire that is completed by the respondent without the presence of an interviewer, typically delivered by mail, email, or social media.

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Study Notes

Structured Interviewing and Surveys

  • Topic: Structured interviews and surveys
  • Types of surveys discussed: self-completion questionnaires (online or by post), standardized interviews (face-to-face or telephone, CATI)
  • Sampling is crucial for generalizability
  • Need to define population and sample
  • Probability and non-probability sampling techniques are discussed
  • Types of probability sampling:
    • Simple random sample
    • Systematic sample
    • Stratified random sample
    • Multi-stage cluster sample
  • Factors to consider when determining sample size: time, cost, heterogeneity of the population, non-response
  • Issues in probability sampling: high-quality sampling procedures are vital to make inferences
  • Types of non-probability sampling:
    • Convenience sampling
    • Quota sampling
    • Snowball sampling
  • Stages in a survey:
    • Design survey, prepare survey instrument, pilot-test survey instrument, administering survey (paper, postage, computer), organize data, analyze data, report results
      • Specific skills and resources needed for each stage are noted (e.g., questionnaire expert, software, interviewers, programmer)
  • Structured interview characteristics:
    • Standardized interview format
    • Same context and stimulus for all interviewees
    • Aims to aggregate responses
    • Often uses pre-coded questions

Sources of Error

  • Poorly worded questions
  • Interviewee misunderstandings
  • Interviewee memory problems
  • Poor record keeping by the interviewer
  • Data coding errors

Processing the Information

  • Structured interviews use closed questions
  • Respondents have limited answer options (tick the box)
  • Closed questions reduce interviewer variability
  • Open-ended questions can be challenging to interpret and code

Respondent Participation

  • Factors influencing participant involvement:
    • Interest in the project
    • Desire to be heard/important
    • Contributing to the community
    • Politeness
    • Time availability
  • Factors influencing non-participation:
    • Lack of interest in the project
    • Disagreement with the research objective
    • Unpleasant interviewer
    • Lack of time
    • Unsure about the purpose of the interview

Self-Completion Questionnaires

  • Types of self-administered questionnaires: post, email, social media.
  • Questionnaires need clear instructions because there's no interviewer present
  • Self-completion questionnaires often have:
    • Closed questions
    • Easy-to-follow design
    • Limited pages. Length depends on method (paper or online)

Advantages of Self-completion questionnaires

  • Cheap (especially online)
  • Quick to administer
  • Absence of interviewer effects
  • Convenient for respondents

Disadvantages of Self-completion questionnaires

  • Unable to prompt or probe if respondents have trouble with questions
  • No way to probe respondents for more information
  • Limited in types of questions possible
  • Respondents may discard, or click out of the survey if not interested
  • Relatively small numbers of questions can be asked
  • Requires respondent to read and understand form

Lower Response Rates

  • Response rates matter because respondents may differ from non-respondents
  • Low response rates can lead to biased samples
  • Steps to improve response rates are given

Design Issues

  • Clear phrasing and formatting
  • Consistent style in instructions
  • Questions and answers together
  • Balanced Likert scales (if used)

Wording of Questions

  • Simple language
  • Short questions
  • Avoid double-barreled questions
  • Remove leading questions
  • Avoid negative questions
  • Assure correct understanding of question terminology
  • Avoid misleading or ambiguous questions
  • Adjust frame of reference for clarity
  • Avoid overly detailed or objectionable phrasing

Negative Questions

  • Examples of questions phrased in a negative form

Constructing Questions (Types of Questions)

  • Questions about behavior
  • Questions about beliefs
  • Questions about attitudes
  • Questions about attributes (e.g., demographics)

Types of Questions (Open)

  • Allow for diverse responses
  • Useful for exploring new areas or subjective experiences
  • Increasingly used due to AI tools

Types of Questions (Closed)

  • Easier to process
  • Answers more comparable
  • Closed question options help clarify questions
  • Reduces variability in interpretation of responses

Likert scales

  • 5-point rating scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree)

Choosing between Closed and Open Questions

  • Use closed questions as a first question in a series to identify issue awareness
  • Use open-ended questions to get more detailed opinions or understand reasoning
  • Closed questions are useful to collect detailed information on specific aspects of an issue

Evaluating Questions

  • Check for redundancy and consistency
  • Consider mix of question types for balance
  • Evaluate and adjust Likert scales if needed

References (Citations)

  • Citations for various research methods books and articles are provided

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Related Documents

Lecture 8 - Sampling, Surveys, Standardised Interviews PDF

Description

This quiz explores the methods and techniques of structured interviewing and surveys, emphasizing the importance of sampling for generalizability. Learn about various sampling methods, including both probability and non-probability techniques, and the stages involved in conducting a successful survey. Test your understanding of survey design, administration, and data organization.

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