Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the progression of gingivitis to periodontitis?
What is the advanced periodontal disease flora primarily composed of?
Which stage of periodontal disease is characterized by up to 25% attachment loss?
Which of the following is an indication for gingivectomy?
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What is the potential sequelae of untreated endodontic disease?
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Which structure is at risk of injury during marsupialization of ranulas or pharyngeal sialoceles?
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Which nerve should be ligated at the rostral landmark for marsupialization of ranulas or pharyngeal sialoceles?
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What is the purpose of making a large incision into the fluid pocket during marsupialization?
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What is the expected outcome of marsupialization if the underlying pathology is still present?
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Which of the following is the most common cause of pneumoperitoneum?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of hepatomegaly?
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Which of the following is a cause of generalized splenomegaly on radiographs?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the spleen?
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What is the most likely diagnosis when both the liver and spleen are enlarged?
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of direct radiography (DR) for acquiring digital dental rads?
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Which radiographic positioning technique is good for radiographing all teeth?
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What does a widened periodontal ligament, alveolar bone loss, and decreased alveolar bone density indicate in dental rads?
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What does periapical lysis imply in dental rads?
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Which type of tooth resorption in cats is more common?
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Which clinical abnormality is NOT seen in evaluation of neoplasia in feline dentistry?
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Which of the following is true in feline dentistry?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of tooth resorption in feline dentistry?
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Which of the following is true regarding feline chronic gingivostomatitis?
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What is the most common surgical procedure for chronic otitis externa/media and other external/middle ear pathologies?
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Which structures should be cautious of during TECA-BO?
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Which surgical procedure is performed for otitis media without concurrent otitis externa, auditory polyp, or middle ear neoplasia?
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What is the most common salivary pathology characterized by the accumulation of saliva in a pocket within the subcutaneous tissue?
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Which of the following is NOT a differential diagnosis for acquired megaesophagus?
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Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic tool for megaesophagus?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the use of prokinetics for the treatment of megaesophagus?
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Which of the following is a potential complication of esophageal foreign body?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of vomiting?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the afferent pathways of the emetic center?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the treatment approach for vomiting?
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Which of the following is a potential consequence of chronic vomiting?
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Which of the following drugs is NOT centrally acting (EC, CRTZ)?
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Which class of drugs must the patient be hydrated before use for vomiting?
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Which class of drugs is NOT recommended due to their potential to cause GI stasis and ileus?
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Which muscle is responsible for the failure of relaxation and acceptance of food in cricopharyngeal dysphagia?
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How is cricopharyngeal dysphagia distinguished from other causes of dysphagia?
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Which condition can cause symptoms like regurgitation, weight loss, hypertrophy osteopathy, and blood in saliva/vomit?
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What is the most common cause of esophageal stricture?
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Which type of anomaly encircles the esophagus, causing focal constriction?
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Which procedure is commonly used to bypass the oral cavity and pharynx for feeding and to monitor regional anatomy?
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Which procedure involves the use of autologous tissues or artificial materials to either buttress a closure or replace a portion of the esophageal wall?
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What is a hallmark symptom of esophageal disease?
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Which of the following is NOT a common location for esophageal foreign bodies?
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Which liver enzyme is relatively liver specific in small animals and also elevated with regeneration?
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Which liver enzyme is cholestatic and often has a latency of 2-3 days before an increase is seen?
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Which breed is NOT commonly associated with copper associated chronic hepatitis?
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What is the treatment of choice for copper associated chronic hepatitis?
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for pancreatitis in cats?
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The level of rise parallels the degree of injury in this liver enzyme:
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What does a rise in liver enzyme levels indicate about liver function?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the three most common clinical signs of hepatic disease in cats?
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Which of the following liver enzymes would you expect to be the MOST elevated in an animal with a portosystemic shunt?
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Which of the following is the most common dental disease in ferrets?
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Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding Helicobacteriosis in ferrets?
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Which of the following is a potential cause of oral ulceration in ferrets?
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Which of the following is a con to using percutaneous decompression using U/S or tympany in GDV cases?
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How is the stomach assessed during an abdominal explore following decompression de-rotation?
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Which procedure may be performed in cases of splenic thrombosis/necrosis?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) in dogs?
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What is the purpose of gastric decompression in the treatment of GDV?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of splenomegaly on radiographs in dogs?
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Which surgical procedure is recommended for cases of hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy with mucosal hypertrophy?
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Which imaging modality allows for concurrent biopsy and aids in surgical planning for gastric neoplasia?
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Which type of gastric neoplasia in dogs is most commonly located in the pyloric antrum and has an aggressive behavior with early metastasis?
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Which congenital anomaly of the esophagus is most commonly associated with young German Shepherd Dogs and is typically considered a surgical emergency?
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Which surgical procedure is recommended for cases of gastroesophageal intussusception in young German Shepherd Dogs?
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Which type of gastric neoplasia in cats is typically high grade and has a poor prognosis?
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Which of the following statement describes the radiographic appearance of a mechanical ileus?
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What is the normal size of the small intestine in dogs, expressed as the maximal serosa-serosa diameter divided by the height of L5?
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Which of the following is the top differential for reduced kidney size radiographically?
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Which of the following is the most common cause of increased kidney size in a unilateral manner radiographically?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of altered kidney size with large and irregular margins in a bilateral manner?
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All of the following statements describe hepatic vascular anomalies EXCEPT:
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Which of the following breeds is NOT commonly associated with gallbladder mucocele?
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Which of the following is false regarding splenic disease?
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Which of the following is NOT a life threatening complication of acute pancreatitis?
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Which of the following liver enzymes will have the highest increase with cholestasis?
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What is the main function of the common bile duct in cats?
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What is the main purpose of gastric decompression in the treatment of GDV?
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What is the most common cause of esophageal stricture?
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Which of the following is the most common clinical sign of gastric foreign bodies?
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What is a common bloodwork finding in cases of gastric foreign bodies?
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What is the displacement of the stomach or other organs through the esophageal hiatus into the chest called?
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Which artery supplies the majority of blood to the spleen?
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Which of the following is the most common cause of atraumatic abdomen?
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Which of the following is a con associated with autotransfusion?
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What is the first line therapy for ventricular arrhythmias associated with GDV and splenic disease?
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Which splenectomy approach is faster, best for critical cases, and requires identification of pancreatic branches?
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Which of the following is NOT a negative prognostic indicator for GI stasis in small mammals?
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Which of the following is NOT of the most common bacteria that cause dysbiosis in rabbits
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Which of the following small mammals is NOT a hind gut fermenter?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the most common clinical signs of feline hepatic diseases?
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What is the most common cause of jaundice in cats with hepatic lipidosis?
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What can prolonged retention of ingesta in the cecum lead to?
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Which of the following is the most common cause of septic peritonitis in cats and dogs?
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Which of the following diagnostic tests should be avoided in patients with suspected peritonitis?
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What is the most common cause of pancreatitis?
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for pancreatitis in cats?
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Which of the following is false regarding the diagnosis of pancreatitis?
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Which of the following liver enzymes is relatively liver specific in cats, but is non-specific in dogs?
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Which of the following clinical signs is NOT seen in the progressed form of chronic hepatitis?
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Which of the following hepatic diseases is NOT properly matched to its treatment?
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Which of the following is FALSE regarding ferret diets?
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Which of the following disorders is incorrectly matched with its surgical approach?
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A SI max/L5 > or = to _____ indicates a likely obstruction.
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Radiographically, plication and hairpin turns are indicative of:
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Which of these stones can be seen radiographically?
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Which of the following is not a contributor to the blood supply of the spleen?
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Which of the following statements is false regarding splenic torsions?
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Which of the following statements is correct?
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Which view is best for identifying pyloric outflow obstructions?
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A gravel sign on radiographs is seen with which disorder?
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Fetal mineralization is visible on radiographs after ___ days.
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Cystic endometrial hyperplasia pyometra complex is associated with ______ stimulation during diestrus/luteal phase.
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Which of the following GI disorders will have a kiwi fruit appearance of abdominal ultrasound?
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Which of the following statements is false regarding cholangitis complex in cats?
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Which liver enzyme will have the highest increase with hepatic lipidosis?
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Which of the following acute diarrhea disease mechanism is associated with malabsorption/maldigestion?
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Which of the following disease mechanisms of acute diarrhea is associated with components already apart of the body are being lost into the intestinal lumen?
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Which of the following disease mechanisms of acute diarrhea is associated with the triggering of enterocytes to release sodium into the lumen of the gut?
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Which of the following lab abnormalities is seen with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS)?
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What is the hallmark sign seen on CBC in dogs with parvoviral enteritis?
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What is the most common clinical sign seen in canine chronic enteropathy?
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What is the most common clinical sign seen with protein losing enteropathy?
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Which of the following is NOT a comorbidity associated with feline chronic enteropathy?
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The most common chemistry finding associated with chronic enteropathy is:
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What is the first line treatment for uncomplicated chronic enteropathy?
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What is the treatment of choice for stable protein losing enteropathy patients?
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What is the best radiographic view for a foreign body stuck in the pylorus?
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What is the thickest layer of skin?
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Which dermatologic lesion is < 1 cm and flat circumscribed lesion associated w/ color change?
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Which of the following lesions is a flat topped elevation greater than 1 cm, formed of coalescing papules or dermal infiltration?
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Which of the following lesions is known as an accumulation of dried exudate, keratin, serum, blood, cells, scales, or medication adherent to skin surfaces?
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Which lesion is a circular scale w/ erythema. Remanent of pustule or vesicle?
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What is the difference between erosion and ulceration in dermatology?
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What is the holding layer of the small intestine?
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Which statement regarding an enterotomy is false?
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Which of the following is not a predictor of septic peritonitis post-op?
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Which of the following statements regarding sarcoptic mange (scabies) is false?
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Where does Demodex canis live?
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Which Demodex is the only contagious species, is often pruritic, and lives on the surface?
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Which dermatologic parasite is very pruritic, has hook like mouthparts, and is known as "walking dandruff"?
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Which type of perianal tumor is most common in intact male dogs (testosterone driven)?
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Which perianal neoplasm may be associated with hypercalcemia?
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What is the most common malignant rectal tumor in dogs?
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Study Notes
Surgical Procedures for Ear and Salivary Gland Pathologies
- Aural hematoma is a common condition caused by excessive head shaking/scratching/rubbing, resulting in the rupture of blood vessels in the pinna.
- Treatment options for aural hematoma include addressing the underlying cause, ear cytology and culture, otoscopy, and conservative or surgical management.
- Surgical treatment of aural hematoma involves creating an S-shaped incision to drain the hematoma and using stent sutures to tack the skin and cartilage together.
- Pannectomy is a surgical procedure performed for neoplasia affecting the ear, commonly mast cell tumors (MCT) in dogs and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in cats.
- Total ear canal ablation and bulla osteotomy (TECA-BO) is the most common surgical procedure for chronic otitis externa/media and other ear pathologies.
- TECA-BO involves removing the lateral wall of the ear canal, completely removing the canal epithelium, widening the external acoustic meatus, and performing bulla osteotomy.
- Facial nerve, caudal auricular vein, retroglenoid vein, external carotid artery, maxillary vein, and internal carotid artery are important structures to be cautious of during TECA-BO.
- Ventral bulla osteotomy is performed for otitis media without concurrent otitis externa, auditory polyp, or middle ear neoplasia, especially in cats.
- Major salivary glands include the mandibular, sublingual, parotid, and zygomatic glands, and cats have an additional molar gland.
- Sialocele is the most common salivary pathology, characterized by the accumulation of saliva in a pocket within the subcutaneous tissue.
- Sialocele can present in various locations, including the submandibular, sublingual, zygomatic, and pharyngeal regions.
- Surgical excision of the involved salivary glands with concurrent drainage is the treatment of choice for sialocele. Salivary gland neoplasia, sialolithiasis, and salivary gland carcinomas are other salivary gland pathologies that may require surgical intervention.
Esophageal Disorders: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
- The esophagus is divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
- Cricopharyngeal dysphagia is a congenital swallowing disorder caused by the failure of the cricopharyngeus muscle to relax and accept food.
- Achalasia is a condition characterized by asynchrony and repeated attempts to swallow.
- Esophageal foreign bodies are fairly common, with bones being common in dogs and fish hooks and needles in cats. Symptoms include regurgitation, hypersalivation, and gagging.
- Esophageal neoplasia, such as SCC and sarcomas, is rare but can cause symptoms like regurgitation, weight loss, and blood in saliva/vomit.
- Esophageal stricture is a narrowing of the esophagus that causes obstruction, most commonly caused by reflux under anesthesia.
- Esophageal fistulas are very rare and result in the development of a fibrous tract connecting the esophagus to the bronchus, trachea, or lung.
- Vascular ring anomalies are abnormal developments of fetal vessels that encircle the esophagus, causing focal constriction. The most common type is PRAA with a left ligamentum arteriosum.
- Esophageal surgery carries a higher risk of complications compared to other GI surgeries and requires gentle handling to avoid impacting the blood supply.
- Esophagostomy tube placement is a common procedure used to bypass the oral cavity and pharynx for feeding and to monitor regional anatomy.
- Esophagotomy is commonly performed for foreign body removal, and closure can be done with a single or double layer interrupted pattern.
- Esophageal patching involves the use of autologous tissues or artificial materials to either buttress a closure or replace a portion of the esophageal wall.
- Swallowing involves several phases, including the oropharyngeal phase, pharyngeal subphase, cricopharyngeal subphase, esophageal phase, and gastroesophageal propulsion. Regurgitation is a hallmark symptom of esophageal disease.
Lecture 18: The Stomach Anatomy and Surgical Diseases
- Anatomy of the stomach includes four major divisions: cardia, body, fundus, and pylorus.
- Surgical diseases of the stomach include gastric foreign body (FB), hiatal hernia, gastroesophageal intussusception, hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy, and gastric neoplasia.
- Gastric foreign bodies are common and present with clinical signs such as vomiting, dehydration, abdominal pain, and melena.
- Diagnosis of gastric foreign bodies can be made using plain films, contrast studies, or ultrasound.
- Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis is a common bloodwork finding in cases of gastric foreign bodies.
- Treatment for gastric foreign bodies includes rehydration, endoscopic removal, or surgery.
- Hiatal hernia is the displacement of the stomach or other organs through the esophageal hiatus into the chest.
- Hiatal hernias can be congenital or acquired and present with symptoms such as regurgitation, vomiting, dysphagia, and weight loss.
- Diagnosis of hiatal hernias can be made using radiographs, contrast studies, or endoscopy.
- Treatment for hiatal hernias may include medical management with gastroprotectants and prokinetics, or surgical procedures such as gastropexy or esophagopexy.
- Gastroesophageal intussusception is the invagination of the stomach into the distal esophagus and is more common in young German Shepherds.
- Treatment for gastroesophageal intussusception may require a ventral abdominal approach, reduction of the stomach back into the abdomen, and left-sided gastropexy.
- Hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy is a pyloric outflow obstruction caused by benign hypertrophy of the muscularis or mucosa, and can be congenital or acquired. Treatment options include medical management or surgical techniques such as pyloromyotomy or gastroduodenostomy.
Lecture 19: Abdominal Radiography and Common Gastric Pathologies
- Abdominal radiography can be used to assess the gastrointestinal tract, with the descending colon always on the left side in a ventrodorsal view.
- The stomach anatomy differs between dogs and cats, with the entire stomach lying more left of midline in cats.
- Gas and fluid patterns in the stomach can vary depending on the position of the patient, with gas in the pylorus and fluid in the fundus in a left lateral view.
- Gastrography, using positive contrast agents such as barium, can be used to identify the location of the stomach, evaluate mucosal margins, and assess gastric emptying.
- Common gastric pathologies include gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), food bloat, gastric foreign bodies, and pyloric outflow obstruction.
- GDV is a surgical emergency and can be diagnosed using radiographs that
Diagnosis and Management of Peritonitis and Pancreatitis in Cats and Dogs
- Peritonitis is a serious condition that can lead to death, with a 3x greater risk of death if the patient has a 7 mg/dl increase in blood urea nitrogen.
- Stabilization of peritonitis patients should include immediate attention to heart rate, body temperature, and abdominal distension.
- Medical management should be attempted before surgery, with treatment including fluid administration, feeding, critical care, and analgesia.
- The most common and easiest at-home treatment for peritonitis is the administration of meloxicam, buprenorphine, oxymorphone/hydromorphone, and lidocaine.
- Peritonitis is often associated with a severe inflammatory response, fibrin deposition in the abdomen, ileus, and reflex rigidity.
- Common causes of peritonitis include primary and secondary types, as well as mechanical, chemical, and septic causes.
- Septic peritonitis is the most common type and can be caused by various factors, including ruptured GI viscus, foreign bodies, neoplasia, and urosepsis.
- Clinical presentation of peritonitis includes lethargy, inappetence, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension, and possible arrhythmias.
- Diagnostic tests for peritonitis include complete blood count, chemistry panel, radiographs, ultrasound, and abdominocentesis/fluid analysis.
- Stabilization of peritonitis patients requires intravenous fluid resuscitation, correction of acidemia and electrolyte disturbances, and broad-spectrum antibiotics.
- Surgical treatment of peritonitis involves abdominal exploration, decontamination, and lavage, as well as the placement of a closed suction drain.
- Post-operative care for peritonitis patients is critical, with days 3-5 being the most worrisome. The prognosis for peritonitis patients is guarded, even with aggressive treatment.
- Pancreatitis can be acute or chronic, with idiopathic being the most common cause. It can lead to life-threatening complications such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and necrotizing pancreatitis.
- Diagnosis of pancreatitis is challenging, with criteria including compatible clinical signs, increased serum concentrations of pancreatic lipase, exclusion of competing differential diagnoses, and compatible imaging findings.
- Treatment for pancreatitis involves supportive care, including IV fluids, analgesia, anti-emetics, early enteral nutrition, and specific therapies for chronic cases.
- Common complications of pancreatitis include SIRS, DIC, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome, biliary tract obstruction, and gastroparesis.
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Description
Test your knowledge of surgical procedures for ear and salivary gland pathologies with this quiz. Learn about treatment options for aural hematoma, neoplasia affecting the ear, chronic otitis externa/media, and more. Explore important structures to be cautious of during surgery and discover common salivary gland pathologies that may require surgical intervention.