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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a reason for using the rectal route for drug administration?
What is the approximate length of the rectum?
Which vein eventually receives drainage from the top of the rectum?
What is the pH of the rectum?
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Which type of product dosing can be done rectally and vaginally?
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What is a function of the rectum?
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Which of the following is not a formulation issue for vaginal pessaries?
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What is the purpose of intra-vaginal rings (IVRs)?
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Which of the following is true about medicated tampons?
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What is a characteristic of foams used as vaginal products?
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Which type of vaginal product has the potential for immunisation?
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What is the main difference between pessaries and capsules as vaginal products?
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Which of the following types of vaginal products is generally antiseptic/cleansing in nature?
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What is the ideal characteristic of a suppository base with respect to its melting temperature?
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Which of the following is a natural suppository base mentioned in the text?
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What is the main advantage of synthetic triglycerides over Theobroma Oil as a suppository base?
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Which type of patients might require rectally administered medications according to the text?
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What is the purpose of the tapered design of suppositories mentioned in the text?
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At what rate can the manufacturing process produce suppositories per hour according to the text?
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What must be accounted for in the formula for manufacturing suppositories according to the text?
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Which of the following has a displacement value of 5.0 according to the text?
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What is the purpose of foams in rectal products according to the text?
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What is the main problem with Theobroma Oil as a suppository base?
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What is the primary function of rectal capsules mentioned in the text?
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What type of patients who are liable to vomit might require rectally administered medications?
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How is the displacement value (DV) calculated for a drug in the manufacture of suppositories?
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What is the purpose of using rectal foams?
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What is the pH range of the vagina?
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How is the displacement value (DV) calculated for drug X in a batch of suppositories?
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What characteristic defines rectal foams?
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What is one reason for using the vaginal route for drug administration?
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What type of medication might require rectal administration according to the text?
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What is NOT a formulation issue for vaginal pessaries according to the text?
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What type of product dosing can be done rectally and vaginally?
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What is NOT a characteristic mentioned about medicated tampons?
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What is a common reason for using rectal capsules according to the text?
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Study Notes
- Unconscious patients, intensive-care patients, and post-operatively nil by mouth patients who are liable to vomit might require rectally administered medications.
- Rectal products include suppositories, rectal capsules, rectal solutions and suspensions (enemas), powders for reconstitution, semi-solid preparations, foams, and rectal tampons.
- Suppositories come in various sizes: 1 g (for babies and small children), 2 g (for older children and adults), and 4 g (for adults). They have a tapered design to aid insertion and retention.
- Suppository bases can be made from natural products like Theobroma Oil or synthetic triglycerides. The ideal base melts at or just below body temperature, is non-toxic and non-irritating, chemically inert, physically and chemically stable, and easy to work with.
- Theobroma Oil, a natural suppository base, is a mixture of saturated and unsaturated tri-glycerides. It melts at body temperature but has batch-to-batch variability and is prone to interconversion of forms when heated above 36°C.
- Synthetic triglycerides, such as hydrogenated vegetable oils, are more stable and less variable. They can be used for various drugs and have different melting points.
- Suppository bases, such as glycerin-gelatin mixtures, PEG, or Theobroma Oil, must be carefully chosen depending on the drug's properties and the suppository's intended use.
- Suppositories are manufactured using a heated mixer, where the base is melted, the drug is added, and the mixture is homogenized. They are then dispensed in molds and packed into cardboard boxes. The manufacturing process can produce up to 25,000 suppositories per hour.
- Drugs have displacement values, meaning they displace an amount of base when added to the suppository. This value must be accounted for in the formula to ensure the correct amount of base is used.
- Examples of suppositories include those containing zinc oxide with a displacement value of 5.0 and paracetamol with a displacement value of 1.5. The final formula for manufacturing suppositories must take into account the displacement values to correctly calculate the amount of base and drug required.
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Description
Test your knowledge of displacement values in the manufacture of suppositories with these two practice scenarios. Calculate the final formula for suppositories containing specific drug amounts and displacement values.
