Rectal and vaginal delivery
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for using the rectal route for drug administration?

  • Access to colon for systemic use (correct)
  • Treatment of infections with antibiotics
  • Treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases
  • Local treatment of haemorrhoids

    • What is the approximate length of the rectum?

  • 4 cm
  • 16 cm
  • 8 cm
  • 12 cm (correct)

    • Which vein eventually receives drainage from the top of the rectum?

  • Inferior haemorrhoidal vein
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Middle haemorrhoidal vein
  • Superior haemorrhoidal vein (correct)

    • What is the pH of the rectum?

    <p>Essentially neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of product dosing can be done rectally and vaginally?

    <p>Suppositories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a function of the rectum?

    <p>Storage of faecal waste before evacuation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a formulation issue for vaginal pessaries?

    <p>Volume up to 250 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of intra-vaginal rings (IVRs)?

    <p>To deliver drugs for local or systemic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about medicated tampons?

    <p>They are made from cellulose, collagen, or silicon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of foams used as vaginal products?

    <p>They are similar to rectal foams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaginal product has the potential for immunisation?

    <p>IVRs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between pessaries and capsules as vaginal products?

    <p>Capsules have a wider size range than pessaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of vaginal products is generally antiseptic/cleansing in nature?

    <p>Solutions (douches)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal characteristic of a suppository base with respect to its melting temperature?

    <p>It should melt at body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a natural suppository base mentioned in the text?

    <p>Theobroma Oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of synthetic triglycerides over Theobroma Oil as a suppository base?

    <p>Stability and less variability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of patients might require rectally administered medications according to the text?

    <p>Unconscious patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the tapered design of suppositories mentioned in the text?

    <p>To aid insertion and retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what rate can the manufacturing process produce suppositories per hour according to the text?

    <p>Up to 25,000 suppositories per hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be accounted for in the formula for manufacturing suppositories according to the text?

    <p>Drug displacement values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following has a displacement value of 5.0 according to the text?

    <p>Zinc oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of foams in rectal products according to the text?

    <p>To aid insertion and retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main problem with Theobroma Oil as a suppository base?

    <p>Melting at body temperature but prone to interconversion when heated above 36°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of rectal capsules mentioned in the text?

    <p>To improve drug absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of patients who are liable to vomit might require rectally administered medications?

    <p>Hospitalized post-operatively nil by mouth patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the displacement value (DV) calculated for a drug in the manufacture of suppositories?

    <p>The weight of the drug in the suppositories divided by the weight of the base displaced by the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using rectal foams?

    <p>To dispense medication for local therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range of the vagina?

    <p>pH 4.5 to 5.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the displacement value (DV) calculated for drug X in a batch of suppositories?

    <p>$\frac{0.2 \times 1.10}{1.10 - 1.00}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines rectal foams?

    <p>Dispersion of gas in a liquid, stabilized by surfactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason for using the vaginal route for drug administration?

    <p>Local treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medication might require rectal administration according to the text?

    <p>Anti-inflammatory drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a formulation issue for vaginal pessaries according to the text?

    <p>The ability to release medication over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of product dosing can be done rectally and vaginally?

    <p>Rectal capsules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic mentioned about medicated tampons?

    <p>Dispersion of gas in a liquid, stabilized by surfactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason for using rectal capsules according to the text?

    <p>Access to colon for bowel cleansing prior to surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Unconscious patients, intensive-care patients, and post-operatively nil by mouth patients who are liable to vomit might require rectally administered medications.
    • Rectal products include suppositories, rectal capsules, rectal solutions and suspensions (enemas), powders for reconstitution, semi-solid preparations, foams, and rectal tampons.
    • Suppositories come in various sizes: 1 g (for babies and small children), 2 g (for older children and adults), and 4 g (for adults). They have a tapered design to aid insertion and retention.
    • Suppository bases can be made from natural products like Theobroma Oil or synthetic triglycerides. The ideal base melts at or just below body temperature, is non-toxic and non-irritating, chemically inert, physically and chemically stable, and easy to work with.
    • Theobroma Oil, a natural suppository base, is a mixture of saturated and unsaturated tri-glycerides. It melts at body temperature but has batch-to-batch variability and is prone to interconversion of forms when heated above 36°C.
    • Synthetic triglycerides, such as hydrogenated vegetable oils, are more stable and less variable. They can be used for various drugs and have different melting points.
    • Suppository bases, such as glycerin-gelatin mixtures, PEG, or Theobroma Oil, must be carefully chosen depending on the drug's properties and the suppository's intended use.
    • Suppositories are manufactured using a heated mixer, where the base is melted, the drug is added, and the mixture is homogenized. They are then dispensed in molds and packed into cardboard boxes. The manufacturing process can produce up to 25,000 suppositories per hour.
    • Drugs have displacement values, meaning they displace an amount of base when added to the suppository. This value must be accounted for in the formula to ensure the correct amount of base is used.
    • Examples of suppositories include those containing zinc oxide with a displacement value of 5.0 and paracetamol with a displacement value of 1.5. The final formula for manufacturing suppositories must take into account the displacement values to correctly calculate the amount of base and drug required.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of displacement values in the manufacture of suppositories with these two practice scenarios. Calculate the final formula for suppositories containing specific drug amounts and displacement values.

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