Sullivan's Interpersonal Development Theory

Types of Substance Use

• Experimenters use substances occasionally (no more than once a month) without dependence.
• Experimenting in high school correlates with better adjustment than abstaining.
• Experimenting around age 16 is linked to better adjustment.
• Frequent users repeatedly use substances, potentially leading to dependence (at least once a week).
• Hard-drug users use substances chronically, impacting their daily life and well-being.
• Those who abstain avoid using drugs in any form.

Prevalence of Substance Use in Adolescents

• Alcohol and marijuana are the most commonly used substances by adolescents.
• Tobacco use has decreased while vaping and e-cigarette use have increased.
• Other substances (e.g., prescription drug misuse, cocaine, hallucinogens) are less common but still present.

Causes of Substance Use (Risk Factors)

• Genetic predisposition can increase the likelihood of developing substance use problems.
• Impulsive, risk-taking adolescents are more prone to experimentation.

Psychosocial Factors

• Family Influence, like distant or hostile relationships, increases risk.
• Parental substance use increases youth risk, as does having substance abusers in one's life.
• Lack of parental monitoring or inconsistent discipline contributes to risky behaviors.
• Peer influence (friends who use and tolerate drugs) increases risk, as does having friends who use substances.
• Adolescents overestimate how much their peers use substances.
• School and community are also factors in substance use.
• Poor academic performance correlates with higher substance use.
• Low neighborhood supervision increases risk.
• Availability of drugs, community norms, and law enforcement influence substance use.
• The way drug use is presented in the media also increases risk.
• Access to drugs makes one more likely to use them.

Psychological Factors

• Personality traits like anger, impulsivity, inattentiveness, and sensation-seeking increase risk.
• Individuals prone to these characteristics are more likely to engage in substance abuse.

Consequences of Substance Use

• Short-term effects include impaired judgment, risky decision-making, increased accidents, and risky sexual behavior.
• Long-term effects include a higher risk of substance dependence, poorer academic outcomes, and a higher likelihood of mental health issues (depression, anxiety).
• Comorbid problems include externalizing problems like delinquency and aggression.
• Psychosocial problems are manifested outward.
• Internalizing problems, such as depression and social withdrawal, show psychosocial problems manifested inward.

Predictors and Consequences of Substance Abuse

• Adolescent drug users score lower on psychological adjustment measures.
• Drug abuse and psychological adjustment influence each other.
• The effects of adolescent substance abuse can last into adulthood.

Protective Factors

• Positive mental health, including high self-esteem and absence of depression, is protective.
• High academic achievement, school engagement, and close family relationships are protective.
• Warm, positive interactions and involvement in religious activities are protective factors.

Prevention and Treatment of Substance Use and Abuse

• Approaches to prevention include targeting the supply of drugs.
• Enforcing strict age limits for alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana is key.
• Increasing prices and restricting availability are preventative strategies.
• Prevention involves addressing the environment in which teens are exposed to drugs.
• Community and school-based programs promoting drug-free activities are crucial.
• Engaging in non-drug-related activities makes substance use less appealing.
• Parental education on monitoring and supervision is also part of this.
• Prevention involves focusing on the characteristics of the potential drug user.
• Programs that teach coping strategies and decision-making skills can help.
• Encouraging positive peer relationships can prevent drug use.
• Education and enhancing psychological resilience are preventative.
• Behavioral interventions like Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) help recognize triggers.
• CBT develops healthier coping strategies.
• Motivational Interviewing encourages reflection on the consequences of substance use.
• Family-Based Treatments: parent training programs to improve monitoring and discipline.
• Family therapy addresses conflict resolution.
• School and Community-Based Interventions offer alternative activities and peer-led interventions.
• Pharmacological Treatments: medication for nicotine and opioid addiction, rarely for youths
• Effectiveness of Treatment: long engagement to social competence
• Family and school-based interventions are more effective than punishment.

Causes of Antisocial Behavior

• Types of antisocial behavior include authority-related conflicts (disobedience), covert behaviors (lying, stealing), and overt aggression (bullying).

Developmental Pathways

• Life-Course-Persistent offenders begin antisocial/aggressive behavior in childhood and continue into adulthood.
• They have neurological deficits, difficult temperaments, and poor parenting environments.
• Adolescence-Limited offenders begin and end delinquent/violent behaviors during adolescence.
• They engage in delinquent behavior during adolescence when influenced by peer pressure and usually stop in adulthood.

Adolescent-Limited Offenders

• Adolescents limit antisocial due to beginning and ending during adolescence.
• They engage delinquency due influence only, such as poor parenting and problems in school.

Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior

• The main families have poor behaviors and end up being aggressive with behavior.
• The more the individual is around influences with an influence the rate of increasing the risk
• They tend to have low academic achievement and school disengagement
• They tend to have low academic achievement and school disengagement
• The main risk factors include poor parental monitoring, parental conflict, peer influence, and school and neighborhood factors.
• Family Environment includes poor parental monitoring & inconsistent discipline, high parental conflict, divorce, and violence.
• Associating with delinquent peers increases risk, and criminal activity provides adolescents with the opportunity to gain status.

Prevention and Treatment of Externalizing Problems

• The main way is preventative and supportive care, through interventions.
• Interventions like Head Start provide early education and support.
• The parental train to improve discipline skills.
• Supportive help anti-bullying to building relationship.
• Mentor programs for at-risk youth for supervision skills.
• Supportive help in early childhood with intervention.
• Family based and CBT methods helps with adolescent and disorders
• Evaluations of some interventions is encouraging and has research methods for practices

Treatment of Adolescent-Limited Antisocial Behavior

• It teaches adolescent to resists peer pressure
• Parent training monitors children more effectively in community
• Helps to treat teenagers

Treatment Approaches

• CBT supports those that manage impulse which encourages problems.
• Family Therapy addresses conflict for a improved behavior.
• Juvenile Justice intervention is rehabilitation and alternate sentencing with emphasize education.

Causes of Depression and Internalizing Disorders

• Is a combination of genetic and disorders that causes a mental emotion
• Those that are predispose will develop depression and get get and stress.
• Problematic patterns of neuroendocrine functioning
• With stress they have some cognitive styles

The Stress

• There are families from hard living settings and are more likely and not happy or bullied.
• People with tendencies toward hopelessness, pessimism, and self-blame interpret events negatively.
• Broad sets of stressors are high-conflict/divorced families, poor peer relations, and adversity.
• The most common trigger of major depression is the breakup of a romantic relationship.

Risk Factors for Depression

• Biological: Family history and Neurotransmitter imbalances.
• Physosocial: Family environment lacking support and Peer issues with bullying
• Gender is more likely for this and there are factors for why it is.
• Rumination and sensitization

Support and Treatment

• There is cogn therapy and interpersonal as well
• Treatments includes CBT as change in thoughts, improve relations.
• Therapist focus on improvement for support
• Encouraging open communication and emotional support.
• Promoting mental health awareness and normalizing seeking help.
• Therapist do medication as management due to medication and its effect

Preventive Treatment

• The main way of preventing is the open and support
• With School-Based Program to allow to support the youth