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Questions and Answers
According to Harry Stack Sullivan, where do people develop their personality?
What did Sullivan mean by stating 'A personality can never be isolated from the complex of interpersonal relations'?
How did Sullivan view the importance of interpersonal relations in understanding human personality?
In Sullivan's theory, which developmental stages does he emphasize the importance of?
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How did Sullivan's theory differ from Freud's psychoanalytic approach?
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Where was Harry Stack Sullivan born and raised?
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What are the two ways people relate to the world according to Fromm?
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Which character orientation is characterized by aggressively taking what they desire?
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What is a key aspect of nonproductive hoarding orientation?
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What character trait is associated with productive love?
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What do healthy people value work as, according to the text?
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Which orientation views personal value as dependent on exchange value?
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What is a characteristic of individuals who choose to deal with anxiety by being self-sufficient and independent?
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Why might a relationship with someone who avoids affection, love, sympathy, and friendship be shallow and unrewarding?
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What do people using the style of withdrawal as a defense mechanism believe will protect them from harm?
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According to Horney, what is the source of neurotic trends and basic anxiety in individuals?
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What intrapsychic conflict did Horney emphasize in the development of personality?
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What does an idealized self-image consist of, according to Horney?
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Study Notes
Harry Stack Sullivan's Interpersonal Theory
- Harry Stack Sullivan, an American psychologist, believed that people develop their personality within a social context and that knowledge of human personality can be gained only through the scientific study of interpersonal relations.
- Sullivan's theory emphasizes the importance of various developmental stages: infancy, childhood, juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, late adolescence, and adulthood.
Sullivan's Biography
- Harry Stack Sullivan was born on February 21, 1892, in Norwich, New York, to poor Irish Catholic parents.
- He was the sole surviving child of his parents.
Moving Away (Isolation) Defense Mechanism
- Moving away or isolation is a defense mechanism where people choose to reduce anxiety by being self-sufficient and independent.
- People using this style say “If I withdraw, nothing can hurt me.”
- They usually find jobs requiring little interaction with others and avoid affection, love, sympathy, and friendship.
Intrapsychic Conflicts
- Neurotic trends flow from basic anxiety, which stems from a child’s relationships with other people.
- Intrapsychic conflicts include the idealized self-image and self-hatred.
Idealized Self-Image
- The idealized self-image is an extravagantly positive view of oneself with infinite powers and unlimited capabilities.
- The idealized image has three aspects: acting according to one's basic nature, not according to conventional rules.
Erich Fromm's Character Orientations
- People relate to the world in two ways: by acquiring and using things (assimilation) and by relating to self and others (socialization).
- Nonproductive orientations include receptive, exploitative, hoarding, and marketing characters.
- The single productive orientation has three dimensions: working, loving, and reasoning.
- Healthy people value work as a means of creative self-expression, practice productive love, and possess biophilia.
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Description
Learn about the foundational ideas of interpersonal theory by Harry Stack Sullivan, the first American to develop a comprehensive personality theory. Understand how personalities are shaped within social contexts and the importance of interpersonal relations in personality development.
