Sugar Alcohols and Reactions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the typical ending replaced by 'itol' when naming sugar alcohols?

  • ose (correct)
  • ol
  • osein
  • ole

    • The accumulation of D-sorbitol in the lens of the eye is linked to the development of cataracts in diabetics.

    True

    What is formed when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction?

    disaccharide and water

    Maltose is commonly obtained from __________.

    <p>starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common disaccharide?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two monosaccharides combine to form lactose?

    <p>glucose and galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following disaccharides with their corresponding monosaccharides:

    <p>Maltose = Glucose + Glucose Lactose = Glucose + Galactose Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process in which maltose is hydrolyzed by yeast enzymes to produce glucose is known as __________.

    <p>fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when the lone pair of electrons on a nitrogen atom accepts H from an acid?

    <p>Ammonium salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about carboxylate salts is true?

    <p>They are usually soluble in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ammonium salts are typically liquid at room temperature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction type produces amides from carboxylic acids?

    <p>Amidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Esters are formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced along with an ester during esterification?

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An ammonium salt is named using its alkylammonium ion name followed by the name of the __________ ion.

    <p>negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fats and oils are esters of glycerol and _______ _________.

    <p>fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following properties is NOT characteristic of ammonium salts?

    <p>Liquid at room temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The amidation reaction involves the elimination of a molecule of water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the ester with its corresponding components:

    <p>Pentyl ethanoate = Ethanoic acid and 1-pentanol Butyl propanoate = Propanoic acid and 1-butanol Ethyl butanoate = Butanoic acid and ethanol Methyl acetate = Acetic acid and methanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ester name comes from the alcohol used?

    <p>Alkyl part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an ammonium salt reacts with a strong base?

    <p>It is converted back to the amine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An alkyl group replaces the -H of the carboxylic acid in ester formation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following compounds to their characteristics:

    <p>Ammonium salt = Solid at room temperature Amide = Derived from carboxylic acids Amine = Contains a nitrogen group Strong base = Converts ammonium salts back to amines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the acid catalyst in esterification?

    <p>To speed up the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of groups do nonpolar amino acids contain?

    <p>Aromatic R groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The R groups of polar neutral amino acids contain -SH groups.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of hydrophobic amino acids?

    <p>They are water fearing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A peptide bond is formed between the _____ group of one amino acid and the _____ group of another.

    <p>carboxylate; amino</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of amino acid with its R group characteristic:

    <p>Nonpolar = Hydrophobic R groups Polar Neutral = Contains -OH, -SH, or -CONH2 Polar Acidic = Contains a carboxylate group Polar Basic = Contains an amino group that ionizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the 20 amino acids?

    <p>Type of R group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All amino acids have the same functional groups.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of a protein?

    <p>The sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a tertiary amine during amidation?

    <p>It cannot undergo amidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amides with more than five carbon atoms are highly soluble in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prefix is used to indicate alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom in amide naming?

    <p>N-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amides can be hydrolyzed by _______ to produce a carboxylic acid and ammonium salt.

    <p>H2SO4 and H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of hydrolysis with their products:

    <p>Acid hydrolysis = Carboxylic acid and ammonium salt Base hydrolysis = Carboxylate salt and ammonia Amide hydrolysis = Carboxylate and amine Ester hydrolysis = Carboxylic acid and alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about amides with one to five carbon atoms?

    <p>They can hydrogen bond with water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the IUPAC naming of amides, the suffix '______' replaces the acid name.

    <p>amide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An ester can be hydrolyzed to produce only a carboxylic acid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbon atoms in cholesterol have a double bond?

    <p>Carbon 5 and 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholesterol is obtained exclusively from fruits and vegetables.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important role does cholesterol play in cellular membranes?

    <p>It provides structural integrity and fluidity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile salts are synthesized from cholesterol in the _______.

    <p>liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is additional cholesterol synthesized in the body?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following roles of cholesterol with their functions:

    <p>Cellular membranes = Provides structural integrity Vitamin D synthesis = Absorbs UV light Bile salts = Aids in fat digestion Steroid hormones = Regulates various physiological functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile salts help break down large fat globules into smaller droplets.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholesterol becomes Vitamin D when exposed to _______.

    <p>sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the general formula Cn(H₂O)n.
    • Many carbohydrates are found in foods, including polysaccharides (starches in bread/pasta), disaccharides (sucrose/table sugar), and monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, lactose).
    • Photosynthesis uses energy from the sun to create glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
    • Respiration breaks down glucose to release energy for cellular processes, producing carbon dioxide and water.
    • Carbohydrates are essential in the carbon cycle.

    Types of Carbohydrates

    • Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates, cannot be further broken down, examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
    • Disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharides joined together, which can be split by hydrolysis to yield their component monosaccharides, e.g., sucrose (glucose + fructose) or lactose (glucose + galactose).
    • Polysaccharides are polymers of many monosaccharides, examples include starch (amylose and amylopectin), glycogen, and cellulose.

    Chiral Molecules

    • A chiral carbon atom is bonded to four different atoms or groups.
    • Stereoisomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different three-dimensional arrangement of atoms.
    • Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images.
    • Achiral objects have superimposable mirror images.

    Monosaccharides

    • Contain several hydroxy! groups attached to a three to seven carbon chain.
    • First carbon in the chain is an aldehyde (aldose) or a ketone (ketose).
    • Classified by the number of carbon atoms; trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses.

    Chiral Carbons

    • A chiral carbon atom has four different groups or atoms attached. This means that the mirror image cannot be superimposed on the original.
    • The resulting structures are stereoisomers.
    • If stereoisomers cannot be superimposed on each other, then they are enantiomers.

    Fischer Projections

    • A system for depicting the three-dimensional structures of isomers.
    • Shows the arrangement of atoms around chiral carbons.

    Fischer Projections of Monosaccharides

    • The most common monosaccharides contain five or six carbon atoms, which have several chiral carbons.
    • Their Fischer projections can be drawn as a mirror image, which can produce enantiomers.

    Important Monosaccharides

    • D-glucose, D-galactose, D-fructose are common hexoses (six-carbon sugars).

    Disaccharides

    • Formed when two monosaccharides combine through a dehydration reaction, resulting in the loss of a water molecule, producing a glycosidic bond.
    • Examples include maltose (glucose + glucose), lactose (glucose + galactose), and sucrose (glucose + fructose).
    • Maltose is obtained from starch and is found in germinating grains.
    • Lactose is the sugar in milk and milk products.
    • Sucrose is table sugar and is a non-reducing sugar.
    • If a person cannot digest lactose, then it is undigested in the colon and can cause bloating.

    Polysaccharides

    • Large polymers formed by many monosaccharides linked together.
    • Important polysaccharides are starch (amylose and amylopectin), glycogen (animal starch), and cellulose.
    • Starch is found in plants, glycogen in animals, and cellulose in plants for structural support.
    • Starches are hydrolyzed into smaller saccharides like detrins and then to maltose and finally glucose by amylases and maltases (saliva and intestinal ezyemes).

    Lipids

    • A family of biomolecules that are soluble in organic solvents but not water.
    • Types of lipids include waxes, triacylglycerols (glycerols esterified with fatty acids), glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and steroids.

    Fatty acids

    • Long, unbranched hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end.
    • Saturated fatty acids contain only single carbon-carbon bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds, which create kinks in the chain.

    Cis and Trans Isomers

    • Cis isomers have the same groups on the same side of the double bond, while trans isomers have the groups on opposite sides.
    • The cis form is more common and often found in natural unsaturated fatty acids.

    Prostaglandins

    • Hormone-like substances that influence various bodily processes.
    • Derived from arachidonic acid, a 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid.
    • Different prostaglandins have different substituents.

    Waxes

    • Esters of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohols.

    Triacylglycerols

    • Triesters of glycerol combined with three fatty acids.
    • Stored in animals as a major energy source.

    Phospholipids

    • Glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelins
    • Glycerol backbone with two fatty acids esterified; the third OH group reacted with a phosphoric acid, which is further esterified with an alcohol.
    • Sphingosine replaces glycerol in sphingomyelins.

    Amino Alcohols

    • Important components in glycerophospholipids and other lipids.
    • Examples include choline, serine, and ethanolamine
    • Usually ionized at a pH of 7.4

    Steroids

    • Cholesterol, bile salts, and steroid hormones
    • Four fused carbon rings as a core structure (steroid nucleus).

    Lipoproteins

    • Complexes of lipids, phospholipids, and proteins.
    • Transport lipids in the blood stream, differing by density and lipid composition.
    • Examples are chylomicrons, VLDLs (very-low-density lipoproteins), LDLs (low-density lipoproteins), and HDLs (high density lipoproteins).

    Proteins and Amino Acids

    • Large polymers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
    • 20 amino acids commonly found in biological proteins.
    • Each amino acid has a central carbon atom bonded to NH₃+, COO⁻, H, and an R group.

    Protein Structure

    • Primary: amino acid sequence
    • Secondary: α-helix, β-sheets, stabilized by H-bonds.
    • Tertiary: 3D structure stabilized by interactions between R groups (hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bonds).
    • Quaternary: multiple polypeptide chains come together.

    Enzymes

    • Biological catalysts, usually proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body by lowering activation energy.
    • Enzyme-substrate complexes form, with specific interactions at the active site, leading to a catalyzed reaction.

    Inhibition of Enzymes

    • Competitive inhibitors compete with substrates for the active site.
    • Noncompetitive inhibitors bind at a different site, changing enzyme shape and decreasing activity.
    • Irreversible inhibitors bind permanently and cause permanent loss of enzymatic function.

    Nucleic Acids

    • DNA and RNA
    • Composed of nucleotides that are composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil..).
    • DNA is a double helix; RNA is usually single-stranded.
    • The genes' information is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into proteins.

    Nucleic Acid Base Pairs

    • Complementary bases pair up to form hydrogen bonds: adenine with thymine or uracil, and cytosine with guanine.

    DNA Replication

    • DNA is replicated by unwinding the double helix and using each strand as a template to synthesize a complementary strand. DNA polymerase is an enzyme crucial to this process.

    RNA and Transcription

    • RNA molecules are involved in protein synthesis.
    • Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA (gene) into an mRNA molecule.
    • mRNA carries the genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

    The Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis

    • The genetic code consists of three-base codons on mRNA which specify an amino acid sequence.
    • Translation is the process where codons are read by ribosomes, and matching tRNA molecules bring in the corresponding amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
    • mRNA codes for the amino acid sequence to make a functional protein which is then folded, via amino acids bonds to make a three-dimentional shape

    Mutations

    • A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence.
    • There are different types of mutations which include point mutations (substitutions), insertions, and deletions.

    Important Note

    This is a comprehensive summary of the text provided. There are additional figures, examples, and details in the original source material which are not included in these shortened notes. Visuals and diagrams are essential to a thorough understanding of these topics.

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    Carbohydrates Chapter 13 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on sugar alcohols, their formation, and reactions involving disaccharides and carboxylic acids. This quiz covers topics such as the formation of maltose, lactose, and esters. Dive into the chemical processes and facts about these important compounds.

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