Questions and Answers
Which condition is associated with macroglossia?
Micrognathia is a characteristic feature of DiGeorge syndrome.
True
What syndrome is known for both micrognathia and congenital issues?
Pierre Robin syndrome
In conditions like Down syndrome, patients may exhibit _____ which refers to an enlarged tongue.
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Match the conditions with their descriptions:
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Which procedure is used to confirm the diagnosis?
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Airway films and chest radiographs are only indicated if there is mild work of breathing.
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What percentage of infants with laryngomalacia may have synchronous airway anomalies?
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When dysphagia is suspected, a contrast swallow study and/or a ______ may be considered.
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Match the following procedures with their indications:
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In which grades can dilation and endoscopic laser surgery be attempted?
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Dilation and endoscopic laser surgery are always effective for congenital stenoses.
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What type of congenital stenoses are typically present in grades I and II?
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Dilation and endoscopic laser surgery may not be effective for congenital stenoses because they are primarily __________.
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Match the surgical methods with their effectiveness based on congenital stenoses:
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What occurs during the asymptomatic interval when a foreign body is lodged?
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A child can always expel a foreign body when it becomes lodged.
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What happens to the immediate irritating symptoms when reflexes fatigue?
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During the stage when a foreign body is lodged, reflexes ____ and symptoms subside.
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Match the following stages with their characteristics:
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What percentage of airway foreign body cases experience a diagnosis delay of more than 25 hours?
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Diagnosis of airway foreign body cases is typically delayed by less than 10 hours.
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How many patients were included in the large meta-analysis regarding airway foreign body cases?
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In airway foreign body cases, diagnosis is delayed more than _____ hours in almost 40% of patients.
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Match the following statistics with their respective details related to airway foreign body cases:
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Study Notes
Subglottic Stenosis
- Commonly associated with conditions like micrognathia in Pierre Robin syndrome and DiGeorge syndrome.
- Macroglossia can occur in hypothyroidism and Down syndrome, affecting airway management.
Diagnosis and Evaluation
- Diagnosis confirmed through outpatient flexible laryngoscopy.
- Moderate to severe work of breathing necessitates airway films and chest radiographs for evaluation.
- If dysphagia is suspected, a contrast swallow study and/or fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) may be performed.
Associated Airway Anomalies
- 15–60% of infants with laryngomalacia exhibit synchronous airway anomalies.
- Complete bronchoscopy recommended for patients with moderate to severe airway obstruction to assess for additional complications.
Treatment Options
- Dilation and endoscopic laser surgery may be attempted in cases classified as grade I and II obstruction.
- Effectiveness of surgical intervention can be limited due to the cartilaginous nature of most congenital stenoses.
Airway Foreign Bodies
- Children can sometimes expel foreign bodies spontaneously during early symptoms.
- Asymptomatic interval occurs when a foreign body lodges, leading to fatigue of reflexes and subsiding of irritating symptoms.
- Meta-analysis indicates that almost 40% of airway foreign body cases experience a delay in diagnosis of more than 25 hours.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of subglottic stenosis, including its associations with various syndromes and conditions, diagnosis methods, and treatment options. It also addresses common airway anomalies observed in infants and the recommended assessments and interventions. Test your knowledge on this critical topic in respiratory management.
